Table 4.
Socio-demographic factors, maternal childhood abuse, intimate partner violence and child emotional and/or behavioral difficulties at age four (n = 1507).
| Cohort |
Children with emotional/behavioral difficulties (SDQ ≥ 15) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| % | % [95%CI]a | Odds ratio [95%CI] | |
| Early pregnancy (≤ 24 weeks gestation) | |||
| Maternal age | |||
| 18–24 years | 15.5 | 24·1 | 3·7 [2·2–6·3] |
| 25–29 years | 32.2 | 9·7 | 1·2 [0·7–2·1] |
| 30–34 years | 37.1 | 7·9 | 1·0 [ref] |
| 35 + years | 15.2 | 7·9 | 1·0 [0·5–2·0] |
| Country of birth | |||
| Australia | 74.0 | 11·5 | 1.0 [ref] |
| Overseas | 26.0 | 9·7 | 0.8 [0·5–1·4] |
| Relationship status | |||
| Living with partner | 95.2 | 10·3 | 1.0 [ref] |
| Single/divorced/separated | 4.7 | 26·2 | 3·1 [1·5–6·4] |
| Income ($AU) | |||
| >$70,001 | 13.8 | 5·6 | 1·0 [ref] |
| 50,001–70,000 | 11.3 | 6·3 | 1·1 [0·3–3·8] |
| 30,001–50,000 | 42.6 | 8·1 | 1·5 [0·6–3·8] |
| ≤ 30,000 | 32.3 | 18·7 | 4·0 [1·6–9·8] |
| Highest qualification | |||
| University degree | 45.9 | 5·6 | 1·0 [ref] |
| Certificate/diploma | 26.1 | 6·3 | 1·1 [0·3–3·8] |
| Completed secondary school | 18.4 | 8·1 | 1·5 [0·6–3·8] |
| Less than secondary school | 9.5 | 18·7 | 4·0 [1·6–9·8] |
| Child gender | |||
| Female | 47.3 | 8·9 | 1·0 [ref] |
| Male | 52.7 | 12·9 | 1·5 [1·0–2·3] |
| Four year postpartum | |||
| Number of children in family | |||
| One child | 27.8 | 11·1 | 1.0 [ref] |
| 2 or more children | 72.2 | 11·0 | 1·0 [0·6–1·7] |
| Relationship transitions | |||
| No | 84.4 | 9·4 | 1.0 [ref] |
| Yes | 15.6 | 19·6 | 2·3 [1·4–3·9] |
| Maternal health (SF-36) | |||
| Poor physical health (SF-36 PCS)b | |||
| Pregnancy | 16.5 | 17·6 | 2·0 [1·3–3·1] |
| 6 month postpartum | 17.1 | 15·0 | 1·5 [0·9–2·5] |
| 4 year postpartum | 17.4 | 17·0 | 1·9 [1.2–3.0] |
| Poor mental health (SF-36 MCS)b | |||
| Pregnancy | 16.0 | 21·2 | 2·7 [1·7–4·2] |
| 6 month postpartum | 17.1 | 20·5 | 2·6 [1·7–4·0] |
| 4 year postpartum | 17.4 | 23·3 | 3·3 [2·1–5·1] |
| Violence exposures | |||
| Mother reported childhood abuse | |||
| No | 58.7 | 7·8 | 1·0 [ref] |
| Sexual | 13.0 | 13·1 | 1·8 [1·0–3·3] |
| Physical | 17.4 | 14·5 | 2·0 [1·2–3·5] |
| Both sexual and physical | 10.9 | 20·2 | 3·0 [1·6–5·4] |
| IPV in first year of life (CAS) | |||
| No | 80.2 | 8·1 | 1·0 [ref] |
| Emotional abuse alone | 10.2 | 17·9 | 2·4 [1·4–4·4] |
| Emotional and physical abuse | 9.6 | 27·5 | 4·3 [2·5–7·3] |
| IPV in fourth year of life | |||
| No | 78.1 | 7·6 | 1.0 [ref] |
| Emotional abuse alone | 13.3 | 23·4 | 3·7 [2·2–6·3] |
| Emotional and physical abuse | 8.5 | 22·5 | 3·5 [1·9–6·3] |
| Total | 11·0 | ||
a
[95%CI] = 95% confidence interval.
b
Poor health defined as SF-36 Component Score < 1SD below mean.