Table 1.

Components of ERAS protocols for perioperative care.

Stage	Detailed information of ERAS
Preoperative	Detailed preoperative counseling
	Nonroutine bowel preparation
	Avoidance of prolonged fasting
	Clear liquids allowed until 2 hours before operation;
	Preoperative carbohydrate loading: 5 mL/kg;
	Breast milk completed 4 hours before operation;
	Formula milk or general diet completed 6 hours before  operation.
Intraoperative	Minimally invasive surgery
	Nonroutine use of surgical drains and tubes
	Maintenance of normothermia
	Maintenance of near-zero fluid balance: limit crystalloids to 3–5 mL/kg/h
Postoperative	Early mobilization and oral nutrition were started 2 hours postoperatively
	Oral intake starting with clear liquids in the PACU and advancement to regular diet
	Maintenance of near-zero fluid balance
	Early removal of nasogastric tubes and urinary tubes (≤24 hours)
	Stop intravenous nutrition as soon as possible

ERAS, enhanced recovery after surgery; PACU, post-anesthesia care unit