Table 1.

Summary of modelling approaches typically used in predicting animal population responses to environmental change. Different approaches are categorized according to their ability to describe the individual-level mechanisms (physiology, behaviour, and evolution) that drive population responses to environmental changes in spatially explicit landscapes.

modelling approach	spatially explicit	vital rates	individual variation	physiology	behaviour	evolution	examples
demographic models
matrix population models (MPMs)	N	Y	N	N	N	N	Crouse et al. [36]
mechanistic MPMs	N	Y	N	N	N	Y	De Vries & Caswell [37]
integrated population models (IPopMs)	N	Y	N	Y	N	Y	Schaub et al. [38]
mechanistic IPopMs	N	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Plard et al. [35]
integral projection models (IProjMs)	N	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Smallegange et al. [33,34], Ozgul et al. [18], Coulson et al. [39]
species distribution models (SDMs)
classical SDMs	Y	N	N	N	N	N	Elith & Leathwick [40]
process-based SDMs	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Buckley [41], Kearney et al. [42], Fordham et al. [43]
dynamic range models	Y	Y	N	N	Y	N	Zurell et al. [44]
individual-based models (IBMs)
classical IBMs	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	Liu et al. [45], Becher et al. [46]
mechanistic IBMs	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Bocedi et al. [47], Galic et al. [48], Johnston et al. [49], Boyd et al. [50]