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. 2019 Aug 13;220(12):1926–1934. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz399

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Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2019.

This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.

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Figure 3. — Secreted cytokines and chemokines in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)–specific T cells induced by vaccination. Levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, transforming grown factor (TGF) β, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) 1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1α, and MIP-1β were analyzed by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in supernatants of HBsAg-stimulated cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after vaccination of macaques with dissolvable microneedle patch (dMNP) delivery of adjuvant-free hepatitis B vaccine (AFV), intramuscular injection of AFV, and standard intramuscular injection of aluminum-adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine (AAV). The fold change in absorbance of each cytokine was obtained by comparing to absorbance at 450 nm of prevaccination samples, used as baseline controls. The levels of cytokines and chemokines for each animal in the experimental groups are shown at baseline (before vaccination) (blue), 5 weeks after the first vaccine dose (identified as 1st vaccination) (green), 5 weeks after the second (booster) immunization (orange), and at the end of observation (EOB) (brown).