Correlation between secreted cytokines and chemokines in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)–specific T cells induced by vaccination and levels of antibody to HBsAg. Spearman correlation tests were performed. Dots represent correlation tests in the group receiving dissolvable microneedle patch delivery of adjuvant-free hepatitis B vaccine (AFV) (A), in the intramuscular AFV group (B), and in the intramuscular aluminum-adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine group (C). Abbreviations: Abbreviations: IFN, interferon; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-6, interleukin 6; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; OD450, optical density at 450 nm; TGF, transforming growth factor.