| PKC | Palm kernel cake |
| SSF | Solid state fermentation |
| LAB | Lactic acid bacteria |
| GRAS | Generally recognized as safe |
| QPS | Quantified presumption of safety |
| MRS | deMan, Rogosa and Sharpe |
| CFU | Colony forming unit |
| CFS | Cell free supernatant |
| CMCase | Carboxymethylcellulase |
| FPase | Filter paper-ase |
| EB | Enzyme blank |
| SB | Substrate blank |
| RM | Reaction mixture |
| DNS | 3,5-dinitrosalicyclic acid |
| NaOH | Sodium hydroxide |
| dH2O | Deionised water |
| Abs | Absorbance |
| RA | Reference absorbance |
| SEM | Standard error of mean |
| OsO4 | Osmium tetraoxide |
| ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
| L. plantarum | Lactobacillus plantarum |
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