Figure 3.

Direct plasma treatment inactivates viruses. (a) Viral titers of median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀) per ml were calculated in duplicate (No 1 and No 2) for the influenza virus. The TCID₅₀ values reduced after treatment with low-pressure nitrogen gas plasma using the BLP-TES device. (b) Nitrogen gas plasma treatment with the BLP-TES device resulted in a decrease in viral titer [plaque forming units (PFU) per ml] of adenovirus. Differences where * p < 0.05 versus control (0 min) were considered significant. Cited from Sakudo et al. 2013 [61] and Sakudo, Toyokawa, and Imanishi 2016 [62] under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license.