Figure 4.

Direct plasma treatment inactivates toxins. Quantitative measurement of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB1) (a,b), Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) (c), Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) (D) after low-pressure nitrogen gas plasma treatment with BLP-TES at 1.5 kpps for the indicated times (a,c,d) and at 0–1.5 kpps for 15 min (b) was performed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using an MytoJudge Total Aflatoxin kit (NH Foods Ltd.) and a RIDASCREEN^® Verotoxin kit (R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt). Differences where ** p < 0.01 versus control (0 min) were considered significant. (a) and (b) are cited from Sakudo et al. [57] with permission from Elsevier, while (c) and (d) are cited from Sakudo et al. [74] under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.