Table 1. Measures.
| Measures | Coding | |
|---|---|---|
| Predisposing socio-demographics | Ethnicity | Dummy 1: Chinese; Dummy 2: Korean; Vietnamese (Ref) |
| Age | Dummy 1: 40–49 years; Dummy 2: 50–59 years; Dummy 3: 60–69 years; 70–85 years (Ref) | |
| Marital status | Widowed, divorced, separated, or never married = 1; Married or living with partner = 0 (Ref) | |
| Educationa | 0 = no formal education; 1 = Grade 1–8; 2 = Grade 9–11; 3 = Grade 12/H.S diploma; 4 = Some college; 5 = Vocational school; 6 = AA or AS degree; 7 = BA or BS degree; 8 = Some graduate school; 9 = MA or MS degree; 10 = PhD or equivalent. | |
| Federal Poverty Level | Dummy 1: 0–99% of FPL; Dummy 2: 100–199% of FPL; Dummy 3: 200–299% of FPL; 300% of FPL (Ref) | |
| Employment | Currently not working = 1; currently working = 0 (Ref) | |
| Family structure | Single or married with no children = 1; Single or married with children = 0 (Ref) | |
| Predisposing acculturation | English proficiency | Speak English not well or not at all = 1; Very well or well = 0 (Ref) |
| U.S. Citizenship | Non-citizen = 1; Naturalized citizen = 0 (Ref) | |
| Years lived the U.S. | Dummy 1: less than 10 years; Dummy 2: 10–14 years; 15 years and longer (Ref) | |
| Enabling | Insurance type | Dummy 1: uninsured; Dummy2: public insurance; private or employment based (Ref) |
| Location | Non urban = 1; Urban = 0 (Ref) | |
| Number of physician visits in past 12 monthsb | 0 to 10+ | |
| Communication problem with physicians | Have problem = 1; No problem = 0 (Ref) | |
| Need | Perceived general health status a | poor = 0, fair = 1, good = 2, very good = 3, excellent = 4; |
| Number of chronic illnessesc | 0 to 5 (Asthma [yes = 1, no = 0], diabetes [yes = 1, no = 0], High Blood Pressure [yes = 1, no = 0], Heart Disease [yes = 1, no = 0], Heart failure or congestive heart failure [yes = 1, no = 0]) | |
| Psychological distress (Kessler’s Psychological Distress Scale)d | During the past 30 days: About how often did you feel nervous?; About how often did you feel hopeless?; About how often did you feel restless or fidgety?; How often did you feel so depressed that nothing could cheer you up?; About how often did you feel that everything was an effort?; About how often did you feel worthless? [0 = None, 1 = A little, 2 = Some, 3 = Most, 4 = All] 0 (low) to 24 (high) |
Ref = reference group.
a Mean-centered for logistic regression analyses.
b Natural log transformed (-0.69 to 2.35) and mean centered for logistic regression analyses.
c Natural log transformed (-.69 to 1.70) and mean centered for logistic regression analyses.
d Natural log transformed (-0.69 to 3.19) and mean centered for logistic regression analyses. Cronbach alpha = 0.85.