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. 2019 Oct 11;20(20):5055. doi: 10.3390/ijms20205055

Table 10.

Summary of the clinical evidence of PPAR agonists in inflammatory and infectious diseases.

Disease Target Drug Name Clinical Phase (Sample Size) Main Findings/Primary Endpoint Reference/Clinical Trial Identifier
Malaria PPARγ Rosiglitazone I/II (140)

  • ▪ Enhanced parasite clearanceReduced inflammatory response

 [265]
II (30)

  • ▪ Rosiglitazone was well-tolerated in children with uncomplicated malaria

 [266]
Ulcerative colitis PPARγ Rosiglitazone II (105)

  • ▪ Increased clinical response and quality of lifeMore patients on rosiglitazone achieved remission

 [267]
NA (14)

  • ▪ Reduced disease activity scoreIncreased adipophilin level

 [268]
Asthma PPARγ Rosiglitazone I (34)

  • ▪ Mild reduction of late asthmatic reaction

 [270]
Pioglitazone IV (68)

  • ▪ No effect on asthma control, airway inflammation, and quality of life

 [271]
II (23)

  • ▪ No effect on asthma control, lung infection, and exhaled nitric oxide

 [272]
NA (34)

  • ▪ No effect on severe asthma

 [273]
Plaque psoriasis PPARγ Pioglitazone + acitretin II (41)

  • ▪ Reduced disease severity score

 [275]
Endometriosis PPARγ Rosiglitazone II-terminated (3)

  • ▪ Two subjects had less severe symptoms and reduced pain. One patient had no change.

 [276]
Pioglitazone II and III-withdrawn (20)

  • ▪ Primary endpoint: Peritoneal cytokine level

 NCT01184144
Cystic fibrosis PPARγ Pioglitazone NA (20)

  • ▪ Slight reduction of persistent influx of neutrophils in sputumNo effect on sputum inflammatory biomarkers

 [277]
I-completed (24)

  • ▪ Primary endpoint: Sputum biomarkers of lung inflammation and remodeling

 NCT00719381
NA (21)

  • ▪ Primary endpoint: Sputum biomarkers of lung inflammation

 NCT00322868
Sepsis PPARγ Pioglitazone I and II (12)

  • ▪ Reduced inflammatory cytokinesPioglitazone was considered safe to critically ill pediatric patients

 [278]
Lung inflammation PPARγ Pioglitazone I (18)

  • ▪ No effect on endotoxin-induced lung inflammation

 [279]
Lung inflammation due to alcoholism PPARγ Pioglitazone II-ongoing (36)

  • ▪ Primary endpoint: change in phagocytic index of alveolar macrophage

 NCT03060772
Chronic granulomatous PPARγ Pioglitazone I and II-ongoing (100)

  • ▪ Primary endpoint: frequency of infections; functional reconstitution of the NADPH oxidase in circulating cells of the peripheral blood

 NCT03080480
Gastric phlogosis due to H. pylori infection PPARγ Pioglitazone III-ongoing (80)

  • ▪ NA

 EUCTR 2005-001218-42
Induced endotoxemia PPARα Fenofibrate NA (36)

  • ▪ No effect on cytokines, chemokines, and acute-phase proteins

 [281]