CKD	chronic kidney disease
AKI	acute kidney injury
sCr	serum creatinine
GFR	glomerular filtration rate
eGFR	estimated glomerular filtration rate
BUN	blood urea nitrogen
KIM-1	kidney injury molecule-1
ATN	acute tubular nephritis
OCTs	organic cation transporters
CTRs	copper transporters
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
Bcl	B-cell lymphoma
FasL	Fas ligand
TNFα	tumor necrosis factor alpha
TNFR	tumor necrosis factor receptor
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
DAMPs	damage-associated molecular pattern molecules
TLR-4	toll-like receptor-4
ROS	reactive oxygen species
NOX2	NADPH oxidase 2
GPX	glutathione peroxidase
SOD	superoxide dismutase
CAT	mitochondria inhibits catalase
TNFR	TNF receptor
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
ERK	extracellular signal–regulated kinases
Tim-1	T cell immunoglobulin mucin-1
NAG	N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase
DMTU	Dimethylthiourea