Figure 4.

Effect of glucose concentrations on AMPK/mTOR pathways by metformin. The ECC-1 and Ishikawa cells were treated with metformin in regular media for 24 h. The expression of phosphorylated AMPK and pS6 was analyzed using western blotting. Metformin increased expression of AMPK phosphorylation and decreased phosphorylation of S6 in a dose-dependent fashion in both cells (A). Metformin was more effective in activation of AMPK phosphorylation and less effective in inhibition of phosphorylation of S6 under LG conditions than NG and HG conditions in both cell lines (B). The results shown are one of three independent experiments.