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. 2019 Nov 6;9:16139. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52499-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Distributions of serum bicarbonate concentrations and metabolic acidosis prevalences across CKD stages. Advanced CKD stages were associated with a lower serum bicarbonate level (P < 0.001, P for linear trend <0.001; a). Two hundred and ten (12.7%) patients had metabolic acidosis. The prevalence of metabolic acidosis was higher in advanced CKD (P < 0.001, P for linear trend <0.001; b); 26.0% and 47.4% of CKD stage 4 and 5 patients, respectively, exhibited metabolic acidosis. CKD, chronic kidney disease.