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. 2019 Nov 6;9:16093. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52677-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hair and saliva cortisol concentrations in piglets/pigs, as husbandry invasive surgical procedures were gradually avoided and meaningful environmental enrichment was provided. Individual hair cortisol concentrations at weaning (a) and slaughter (b) were analyzed by Multi Variate Linear regression test (controlled for variables: mother cortisol, weaning weight and suckling period). Saliva was collected for cortisol measurements at the pen level, every two weeks from weaning to slaughter, and the results are presented in (c) and (d). (c) Samples were clustered together per group, without taking the sample date into consideration; a mixed effect linear regression model was used for statistical analysis (Random effect: pen. Predictor: treatment group. Adjusted for: tail biting, leg injuries, skin lesions, weakness and survival). (d) Analysis of saliva cortisol in Group 2-4, as compared to Group 1; for the statistical analysis, time varying group effects was applied, using log-level regressions on group identifiers and individual treatments, standard errors were clustered at the pen level. In all panels, data is presented as coefficient (sign) and 95% confidence interval (bars); Group 1 is represented by the horizontal dotted line; values significantly differed (P < 0.05) from Group 1 if the bar do not cross the dotted line.