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. 2019 Nov 6;9:16161. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52257-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Reduced expression of inflammatory marker genes after RYGB. (A) Network analysis of all genes with raw p-values below 0.01 demonstrated several genes specific for glia cells as well as the complement immune system to be downregulated in RYGB-operated DIO (DIO-RYGB) rats relative to sham-operated DIO (DIO-sham) rats. (B) Expression levels of glia cell marker genes were downregulated following RYGB surgery in both studies (scale bar, 20 µm). (C) The transcription factor Egr1 was upregulated in both 4w and 12w DIO-RYGB rats. (D) Expression levels are presented as mean reads per kilobase million (RPKM) ±SEM; statistical analysis was performed using EdgeR presented with raw p-values; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (D) The number of GFAP-positive astroglia profiles was significantly downregulated in 4w DIO-RYGB relative to 4w DIO-sham controls. Representative micrographs of GFAP-immunostained sections from sham-operated and RYGB-operated animals with arrowheads identifying astrocytes; scalebar equal to 20 µm in inserts. GFAP-positive cell counts are presented as mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05 (Student’s unpaired t-test). Gene names: Aif1, Allograft inflammatory factor 1; Anxa2, Annexin A2; Anxa5, Annexin A5; Arpc1b, Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B; Aqp4, Aquaporin 4; C1s, Complement component 1s; C1qb, Complement component 1q B chain; Egr1, Early growth response protein 1 (also known as Zif268); Gfap, Glial fibrillary acidic protein; S100B, S100 calcium-binding protein B; Lgals1, Galectin-1 (lectin, galactose binding, soluble 1); Serping1, Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (C1 inhibitor) member 1; Timp1, Tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 1.