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. 2019 Nov 6;9:16161. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52257-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differential expression of arcuate neuropeptide genes related to hunger and satiety signaling. Orexigenic AgRP (A) and NPY (B) mRNAs were elevated after RYGB in both studies relative to sham controls. Anorexigenic CART (C) and POMC (D) mRNAs were reduced in RYGB following 4 weeks, but not 12 weeks of pre-feeding. Statistical analysis was performed using EdgeR with raw p-values; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to corresponding sham control group. (E) The increased ratio between the expression level of orexigenic and anorexigenic genes suggests an orexigenic signaling state following RYGB compared to sham surgery; ***p < 0.01 compared with sham (student’s unpaired t-test or one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test). Data is presented as mean ± SEM.