Fig. 1.

The overall conception of iCAP. a Metal-enhanced multidimensional epimeric discrimination is used to amplify the D/L structural differences (DLSDs) of Aβ monomers. b Discrimination of chiral Aβ fragment oligomers by assembly/growth curve based multidimensional DLSD comparisons. c Elucidation of chiral Aβ-receptor recognition by CIU fingerprint and SPR-based kinetic evaluation. d The calculation equations for DLSD. ${\sigma }_D^{0\mathrm{Cu}}$/${\sigma }_L^{0\mathrm{Cu}}$: CCS values of apo-Aβ fragment; ${\sigma }_D^{1\mathrm{Cu}}$/${\sigma }_L^{1\mathrm{Cu}}$: CCS values of [Aβ + Cu(II)] complex; ${\sigma }_D^{2\mathrm{Cu}}$/${\sigma }_L^{2\mathrm{Cu}}$: CCS values of [Aβ + 2Cu(II)] complex. ${\sigma }_D^1$/${\sigma }_L^1$/${\sigma }_D^2$/${\sigma }_L^2$/…${\sigma }_D^n$/${\sigma }_L^n$: CCS values of Aβ oligomers (aggregation number = n). All charge states were considered during DLSD calculation