TABLE 5.
Univariate and multivariate analysis for assessing the relationship of smoking and stress markers with sperm morphology among male patients.
| Demographics/sex hormones/stress markers | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
| ß (SE) | 95% CI | ß (SE) | 95% CI | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Non-smoker (ref) | – | |||
| Smoker | −0.89(0.46) | −1.80,0.014∗ | −1.29 (0.57) | −2.42, −0.17∗∗ |
| Cortisol | −0.01(0.002) | −0.01, −0.006∗ | −0.008 (0.003) | −0.01, −0.002∗∗ |
| Adrenaline | −0.002(0.004) | −0.01,0.006 | −0.002 (0.004) | −0.01, 0.005 |
| SOD | 0.009(0.003) | 0.002,0.016∗ | 0.015 (0.007) | 0.001, 0.02∗∗ |
| Glutathione | 0.001(0.001) | −0.0001,0.003∗ | −0.003 (0.001) | −0.007, −0.0001∗∗ |
| SHBG | 0.06(0.01) | 0.03, 0.08∗ | 0.038 (0.01) | 0.01, 0.06∗∗ |
| BMI (in kg/m2) | −0.21(0.05) | −0.32, −0.10∗ | −0.14(0.05) | −0.26, −0.03∗∗ |
| BMI (in kg/m2) | ||||
| Normal weight 18−22.9 (ref) | – | |||
| Over weight 23−24.9 | −0.09(0.68) | −1.43,1.24∗ | ||
| Obese≥25 | −1.19(0.52) | −2.22, −0.16 | ||
| Age (in years) | 0.04(0.03) | −0.01,0.11∗ | NS | |
| Body fat (in %) | −0.13(0.04) | −0.22, −0.047∗ | NS | |
| Body fat (in %) | ||||
| Normal weight (12−22) (ref) | – | |||
| Over weight (22.1–27) | −1.54, 2.19 | −5.86,2.77∗ | ||
| Obese (>27) | −2.57, 2.02 | −6.56, 1.40 | ||
| FSH | −0.0.24(0.15) | −0.32,0.27 | NS | |
| LH | −0.17(0.05) | −0.28, −0.06∗ | NS | |
| Testosterone | 0.59(0.11) | 0.375,0.81∗ | NS | |
∗Significant at p-value < 0.25 by univariate linear regression. ∗∗Significant at p-value < 0.05 by multivariate linear regression.