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. 2019 Oct 31;10:1058. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01058

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Copyright © 2019 David, Canario, Combes and Demars

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Key moments for the transmission of the different inherited factors and environmental influences during the life of the animal. Fetal life: offspring receive DNA and epigenetic marks from their father and mother. The welfare and nutrition of the genetic dam has an influence on the epigenetic marks of the fetus. The housing and nutrition of the dam have an influence on her microbiota. Her microbiota will be transmitted to her offspring during delivery. Early life: the young learn culture/behavior from conspecifics (might include the sire in some livestock schemes) and the nursing mother. The welfare of the young influences their behavior. Welfare depends on the breeder by positive contact with the young, housing conditions, and dam behavior which is under genetic, epigenetic, and inherited behavior control. The young share their microbiota with their nursing dam and conspecifics. Microbiota transmission from the nursing dam is facilitated by dam behavior which is under genetic, epigenetic and inherited behavior control. The microbiota is modified by the young animal’s diet, given by the dam for mammalian species, which is under genetic, epigenetic and to a lesser extend behavior control and influenced by the genetics of the young. Epigenetic marks in young animals are modified by welfare and nutrition conditions.