Table 1.

Key environmental influences on non-genetic inherited factors.

		Epigenetic	Microbiota	Culture/behavior
Breeder intervention	Antibiotics1		–
	Stress linked to inappropriate handling2	–	–	–
Breeding conditions	Continuing mother-offspring link3	+	+	+
	Disruption mother-offspring link4	–	–	– or +
	Communal nesting5	+	+	+
Housing conditions	Circadian rhythm alteration6	–		–
	Animal density7		–	–
	Temperature8	– or +		–
	Over cleaning9		–	– or +
Nutrition	Probiotics–Prebiotics10		+	– or +
	Underfeeding11	–	–	–
	Overfeeding12	–	–	– or +

non-exhaustive list of references

¹Mulder et al., 2009.

²Bredy et al., 2003, Val-Laillet et al., 2019, Hemsworth and Coleman, 2010; Hemsworth and Barnett, 2000.

^{3, 4}Branchi et al., 2006; Curley et al., 2008; Franklin et al., 2010; Thompson and Holmes, 2009; Abecia et al., 2007; Daft et al., 2015; Bian et al., 2016.

⁵Branchi, 2009; Van Nieuwamerongen et al., 2014; Martinez et al., 2015.

⁶Oh et al., 2018; Kjaer and Vestergaard, 1999; Moinard et al., 2001; Manser, 1996.

⁷Guardia et al., 2011; Marchewka et al., 2013; Cronin et al., 2014.

⁸Abe et al., 2018; Johnson, 2018; Parois et al., 2018; Schütz et al., 2008.

⁹Schneitz, 2005, Le Floc’h et al., 2014; Combes et al., 2017, Schütz et al., 2019; Renaudeau, 2009.

¹⁰Le Bourgot et al., 2014; Buddington et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2016.

¹¹Murdoch et al., 2016; Le Floc’h et al., 2014; Combes et al., 2017; Lawrence et al., 1993.

¹²Murdoch et al., 2016; Nicholas and Ozanne, 2019; Vasaï; et al., 2014; Van Barneveld, 2013.