Table 1.
Roles of DNA methylation in IBD.
| Methylated markers | Methylation status (↑/↓) | Roles |
|---|---|---|
| Estimation of disease susceptibility | ||
| THRAP2, FANCC, GBGT1, WDR8 and ITGB2 | ↑ | CD vs. healthy controls |
| DOK2, TNFSF4 and VMP1 | ↓ | CD vs. healthy controls |
| THRAP2, FANCC, GBGT1, WDR8, CARD9 and CDH1 | ↑ | UC vs. healthy controls |
| ICAM3, DOK2, TNFSF4 and VMP1 | ↓ | UC vs. healthy controls |
| GBGT1, IGFBP4 and FAM10A4 | ↑ | CD vs. UC |
| IFITM1 | ↓ | CD vs. UC |
| Assessment of disease activity | ||
| CDH1, GDNF, SLIT2, MDR1, FMR1, GXYLT2 and RARB | ↑ | Active UC vs. quiescent UC |
| FOXA2, ROR1, NOTCH3, CDH17, PAD14, TNFSF8, EPHX1, HOXV2 and FRK | ↓ | Active UC vs. quiescent UC |
| SLIT2 | ↑ | Active CD vs. quiescent CD, correlates with endoscopic and histological activity |
| Evaluation of disease behavior | ||
| PAR2 | ↑ | Total colitis phenotypes, steroid-dependent and refractory phenotypes of UC, and stricturing phenotypes |
| MDR1 | ↑ | Total colitis phenotypes, younger onset of disease, and chronic continuous type of UC |
| CDH1, CDH13 and GDNF | ↑ | Long-standing disease course of UC |
| miR-1247 and CDX1 | ↑ | Refractory UC and severe Mayo endoscopic score |
| RPS6KA2 | ↑ | Stricturing/penetrating phenotypes of CD, and extensive disease of UC |
| Cancer surveillance | ||
| RUNX3, MINT1, TGFB2, SLIT2, HS3ST2, TMEFF2, ITGA4, TFPI2, FOXE1, SYNE1 APC, CDH13, MGMT and MLH1 | ↑ | Discriminate UC–CRC from controls |
| COX-2 | ↓ | Discriminates UC–CRC from controls |
| miR-137 | ↑ | Discriminates dysplasia and UC-CRC from controls |
| BMP3, vimentin, EYA4 and NDRG4 | ↑ | Discriminate neoplasia and CRC from controls |