Table 1. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Characteristic | Overall (n=410) | Add-on (n=207) | Switch (n=203) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 59.6±11.8 | 60.1±10.9 | 59.1±12.6 | 0.398 |
| ≥65 | 154 (37.6) | 77 (37.2) | 77 (37.9) | 0.878 |
| Female sex | 236 (57.6) | 126 (60.9) | 110 (54.2) | 0.171 |
| Height, cm | 161.6±8.5 | 161.3±7.9 | 161.8±9.1 | 0.612 |
| Body weight, kg | 71.6±14.9 | 71.0±13.6 | 72.3±16.4 | 0.437 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.3±4.7 | 27.0±4.1 | 27.6±5.3 | 0.272 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130.3±13.5 | 131.5±13.5 | 129.0±13.4 | 0.075 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 77.7±9.8 | 78.7±9.6 | 76.6±9.8 | 0.052 |
| Duration of diabetes, yr | 12.0±8.2 | 12.5±8.6 | 11.4±7.7 | 0.200 |
| Insulin therapy | 154 (37.6) | 78 (37.7) | 76 (37.4) | 0.960 |
| Titration of insulin dose (>10% of baseline) during SGLT2 inhibitor therapy | 31 (20.1) | 15 (19.2) | 16 (21.1) | 0.778 |
| Subtype of SGLT2 inhibitor | 0.001 | |||
| Dapagliflozin | 327 (79.8) | 179 (86.5) | 148 (72.9) | |
| Empagliflozin | 83 (20.2) | 28 (13.5) | 55 (27.1) | |
| HbA1c, % | 8.5±1.2 | 8.6±1.1 | 8.4±1.2 | 0.099 |
| ≥7.0% and <8.0% | 158 (38.5) | 70 (33.8) | 88 (44.4) | 0.047 |
| ≥8.0% and <9.0% | 137 (33.4) | 75 (36.2) | 62 (30.5) | 0.222 |
| ≥9.0% | 115 (28.0) | 62 (30.0) | 53 (26.1) | 0.386 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 156.6±42.6 | 164.8±42.4 | 148.4±41.3 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 152.6±29.2 | 153.4±29.2 | 151.8±29.2 | 0.571 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 156.4±96.6 | 161.1±110.5 | 151.7±80.0 | 0.330 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 45.3±10.7 | 45.7±11.1 | 45.0±10.3 | 0.509 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 82.1±24.2 | 81.6±22.5 | 82.7±25.9 | 0.664 |
| Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL | 2.5±1.5 | 2.5±1.5 | 2.4±1.6 | 0.649 |
| Fasting insulin, mIU/L | 14.7±7.7 | 15.8±8.5 | 12.6±6.1 | 0.341 |
| HOMA-β | 65.0±37.5 | 64.6±40.1 | 65.7±34.6 | 0.948 |
| HOMA-IR | 5.7±3.0 | 6.2±3.1 | 4.6±2.7 | 0.238 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 31.0±18.3 | 30.4±17.7 | 31.6±19.0 | 0.506 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 35.8±27.4 | 35.6±28.6 | 36.0±26.1 | 0.907 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.78±0.19 | 0.77±0.18 | 0.80±0.21 | 0.146 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 91.1±22.8 | 91.8±22.9 | 90.5±22.8 | 0.582 |
| Hypertension | 297 (72.4) | 151 (72.9) | 146 (71.9) | 0.816 |
| Dyslipidemia | 348 (84.9) | 175 (84.5) | 173 (85.2) | 0.847 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 94 (22.9) | 43 (20.8) | 51 (25.1) | 0.295 |
| Medication | ||||
| Statin | 243 (83.7) | 173 (83.6) | 170 (83.7) | 0.963 |
| Fenofibrate | 25 (6.1) | 13 (6.3) | 12 (5.9) | 0.876 |
| Omega-3 fatty acid | 6 (1.5) | 4 (1.9) | 2 (1.0) | 0.425 |
| ACEi/ARB | 246 (60.0) | 126 (60.9) | 120 (59.1) | 0.717 |
| Anti-platelet agent | 223 (54.4) | 118 (57.0) | 105 (51.7) | 0.283 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or taking anti-hypertensive medication. Dyslipidemia is defined as a total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or taking lipid-lowering agents [2].
SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACEi, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.