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. 2019 Feb 28;43(5):590–606. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0134

Table 1. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics.

Characteristic Overall (n=410) Add-on (n=207) Switch (n=203) P value
Age, yr 59.6±11.8 60.1±10.9 59.1±12.6 0.398
 ≥65 154 (37.6) 77 (37.2) 77 (37.9) 0.878
Female sex 236 (57.6) 126 (60.9) 110 (54.2) 0.171
Height, cm 161.6±8.5 161.3±7.9 161.8±9.1 0.612
Body weight, kg 71.6±14.9 71.0±13.6 72.3±16.4 0.437
Body mass index, kg/m2 27.3±4.7 27.0±4.1 27.6±5.3 0.272
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg 130.3±13.5 131.5±13.5 129.0±13.4 0.075
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg 77.7±9.8 78.7±9.6 76.6±9.8 0.052
Duration of diabetes, yr 12.0±8.2 12.5±8.6 11.4±7.7 0.200
Insulin therapy 154 (37.6) 78 (37.7) 76 (37.4) 0.960
 Titration of insulin dose (>10% of baseline) during SGLT2 inhibitor therapy 31 (20.1) 15 (19.2) 16 (21.1) 0.778
Subtype of SGLT2 inhibitor 0.001
 Dapagliflozin 327 (79.8) 179 (86.5) 148 (72.9)
 Empagliflozin 83 (20.2) 28 (13.5) 55 (27.1)
HbA1c, % 8.5±1.2 8.6±1.1 8.4±1.2 0.099
 ≥7.0% and <8.0% 158 (38.5) 70 (33.8) 88 (44.4) 0.047
 ≥8.0% and <9.0% 137 (33.4) 75 (36.2) 62 (30.5) 0.222
 ≥9.0% 115 (28.0) 62 (30.0) 53 (26.1) 0.386
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL 156.6±42.6 164.8±42.4 148.4±41.3 <0.001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL 152.6±29.2 153.4±29.2 151.8±29.2 0.571
Triglyceride, mg/dL 156.4±96.6 161.1±110.5 151.7±80.0 0.330
HDL-C, mg/dL 45.3±10.7 45.7±11.1 45.0±10.3 0.509
LDL-C, mg/dL 82.1±24.2 81.6±22.5 82.7±25.9 0.664
Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL 2.5±1.5 2.5±1.5 2.4±1.6 0.649
Fasting insulin, mIU/L 14.7±7.7 15.8±8.5 12.6±6.1 0.341
HOMA-β 65.0±37.5 64.6±40.1 65.7±34.6 0.948
HOMA-IR 5.7±3.0 6.2±3.1 4.6±2.7 0.238
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L 31.0±18.3 30.4±17.7 31.6±19.0 0.506
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L 35.8±27.4 35.6±28.6 36.0±26.1 0.907
Serum creatinine, mg/dL 0.78±0.19 0.77±0.18 0.80±0.21 0.146
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 91.1±22.8 91.8±22.9 90.5±22.8 0.582
Hypertension 297 (72.4) 151 (72.9) 146 (71.9) 0.816
Dyslipidemia 348 (84.9) 175 (84.5) 173 (85.2) 0.847
Cardiovascular disease 94 (22.9) 43 (20.8) 51 (25.1) 0.295
Medication
 Statin 243 (83.7) 173 (83.6) 170 (83.7) 0.963
 Fenofibrate 25 (6.1) 13 (6.3) 12 (5.9) 0.876
 Omega-3 fatty acid 6 (1.5) 4 (1.9) 2 (1.0) 0.425
 ACEi/ARB 246 (60.0) 126 (60.9) 120 (59.1) 0.717
 Anti-platelet agent 223 (54.4) 118 (57.0) 105 (51.7) 0.283

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or taking anti-hypertensive medication. Dyslipidemia is defined as a total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or taking lipid-lowering agents [2].

SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACEi, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.