Fig. 3. Intermittent hypoxia (IH)-induced M1 macrophages in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) but not visceral adipose tissue (VAT). (A) Immunofluorescence double labelling for F4/80 (macrophages) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; M1 macrophages) in SAT and VAT. The merge view indicates activated M1 macrophages. The mRNA expression levels of (B) nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2)/F4/80 and (C) Nos2/arginase 1 (Arg1) in SUB-SVF and VIS-SVF. (D) The mRNA expression of a M1 macrophage marker (tumor necrosis factor-α [Tnfa]) in SUB-SVF and VIS-SVF or (E) a M2 macrophage marker (Chi313) in SUB-SVF and VIS-SVF. The results are expressed as the fold change of the mean±standard error of the mean with respect to the intermittent normoxia (IN) group (n=4 to 5). S, SUB-SVF (subcutaneous stromal-vascular fraction); V, VIS-SVF (visceral stromal-vascular fraction). ^aP<0.05.