. 2019 Feb 20;43(5):640–648. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0137

Table 2. Hazard ratios for aggravation of diabetic retinopathy by type of second-line antidiabetic medication.

Drugs	PY	No. of cases	Event rate, /100,000 PY	Adjusted 1^a		Adjusted 2^b
Drugs	PY	No. of cases	Event rate, /100,000 PY	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value
MET+SU	7,087	3,271	46,154	1.00		1.00
MET+DPP4i	7,835	4,217	53,823	0.74 (0.62–0.89)	0.001	0.80 (0.66–0.97)	0.024
MET+TZD	948	399	42,089	0.45 (0.27–0.76)	0.003	0.50 (0.29–0.84)	0.009

PY, person-years; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; MET, metformin; SU, sulfonylurea; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; TZD, thiazolidinedione.

^aAdjusted for sex and age, ^bAdjusted for sex, age, duration of metformin therapy, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, microvascular complications of diabetes (neuropathy, or nephropathy), the Charlson comorbidity score, intravitreal injections, and calendar index year.