Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristic | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|
| Number | 10,768 | 6,512 |
| Age, yr | 48.5±8.1 | 47.5±8.6 |
| Height, cm | 170.9±5.8 | 158.7±5.1 |
| Weight, kg | 72±9 | 56±7 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7±2.6 | 22.4±2.7 |
| LBM, kg | 58±6 | 42±4 |
| LBMI, kg/m2 | 19.8±1.5 | 16.6±1.2 |
| Muscle mass, kg | 55±6 | 39±4 |
| MMI, kg/m2 | 18.7±1.4 | 15.7±1.2 |
| ASM, kg | 26±3 | 18±2 |
| ASMI, kg/m2 | 9.0±0.7 | 7.3±0.6 |
| Fat mass, kg | 13.9 (11.3–16.8) | 14.0 (11.4–17.0) |
| FMI, kg/m2 | 4.8 (3.9–5.8) | 5.5 (4.5–6.8) |
| Waist, cm | 86±7 | 75±7 |
| Smoking, % | ||
| Current | 35.3 | 2.4 |
| Ex-smoker | 42.6 | 2.9 |
| Alcohol use (≥2 times/wk), % | 54.3 | 12.2 |
| Exercise (≥3 times/wk), % | 51.3 | 59.6 |
| Hypertension, % | 24.1 | 13.8 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 120±13 | 112±14 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 75±9 | 70±9 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.94±0.85 | 4.91±0.88 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.34±0.31 | 1.63±0.36 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.41 (1.01–1.98) | 0.95 (0.71–1.32) |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.6±1.1 | 5.2±0.8 |
| HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) | 5.5±0.7 (37±8) | 5.3±0.6 (34±7) |
| Insulin, pmol/L | 45.8 (31.9–66.0) | 39.6 (28.5–55.6) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
| HOMA-β | 71 (50–101) | 72 (53–100) |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or median (interquartile range).
BMI, body mass index; LBM, lean body mass; LBMI, lean body mass index; MMI, muscle mass index; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; ASMI, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; FMI, fat mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function index.