Table 2. Comparison of baseline characteristics and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus according to four body composition phenotypes at baseline.
| Characteristic | Men | Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low muscle/low fat | High muscle/low fat | Low muscle/high fat | High muscle/high fat | Low muscle/low fat | High muscle/low fat | Low muscle/high fat | High muscle/high fat | |
| Number | 3,585 (33) | 1,915 (18) | 1,802 (17) | 3,466 (32) | 2,041 (31) | 1,274 (20) | 1,249 (19) | 1,948 (30) |
| Age, yr | 48.8±8.2 | 46.8±7.6 | 50.7±8.1 | 47.8±7.8 | 44.5±8.5 | 46.7±7.2 | 49.7±8.9a | 49.5±8.5a |
| Height, cm | 170.4±5.5 | 173.9±5.3 | 167.5±5.3 | 170.9±5.8 | 159.2±4.8 | 160.7±4.7 | 156.1±4.9 | 158.4±4.9 |
| Weight, kg | 64.0±5.4 | 74.0±5.2 | 69.6±4.9 | 80.4±7.5 | 50.2±3.7 | 56.1±3.8 | 55.4±3.9 | 63.4±6.3 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.1±1.5 | 24.5±1.1 | 24.8±1.3 | 27.3±1.9 | 19.8±1.3 | 21.7±1.1 | 22.7±1.3 | 25.3±2.3 |
| LBM, kg | 53.5±4.3b | 62.0±4.3c | 53.4±3.6b | 62.0±5.2c | 39.4±2.6 | 44.3±2.7c | 39.0±2.6 | 44.6±3.4c |
| LBMI, kg/m2 | 18.4±1.0 | 20.5±0.8 | 19.1±0.7 | 21.1±1.0 | 15.6±0.8 | 17.2±0.7 | 16.0±0.7 | 17.8±1.0 |
| ASM, kg | 24.3±2.2 | 28.4±2.2 | 24.0±1.9 | 28.2±2.6 | 17.4±1.4 | 19.8±1.5 | 17.0±1.4 | 20.0±1.8 |
| ASMI, kg/m2 | 8.4±0.4 | 9.4±0.3 | 8.5±0.3 | 9.6±0.5 | 6.9±0.3 | 7.7±0.3 | 7.0±0.3 | 7.8±0.4 |
| Fat mass, kg | 10.7 (9.0–12.2) | 12.2 (10.8–13.4) | 15.7 (14.4–17.5) | 17.7 (15.7–20.0) | 11.0 (9.4–12.4) | 12.1 (10.5–13.3) | 16.0 (14.7–17.6) | 17.7 (15.8–20.7) |
| FMI, kg/m2 | 3.7 (3.1–4.2) | 4.1 (3.6–4.4) | 5.5 (5.1–6.2) | 5.9 (5.3–6.8) | 4.3 (3.7–4.9) | 4.7 (4.1–5.2) | 6.5 (6.0–7.2) | 7.0 (6.2–8.2) |
| Waist, cm | 80±5 | 85±4 | 87±5 | 92±6 | 69±5 | 74±5 | 76±5 | 81±7 |
| Smoking, % | 36.6b | 38.1b | 28.6 | 36.0b | 3.0 | 3.8 | 1.2 | 1.8 |
| Alcohol use (≥ ×2/wk), % | 50.0 | 58.6 | 52.9 | 57.5 | 12.2b | 12.9b | 10.7b | 12.7b |
| Exercise (≥ ×3/wk), % | 52.6 | 56.7 | 48.6a | 48.2a | 56.0 | 69.7 | 55.3 | 58.6 |
| Hypertension, % | 16.1b | 17.3b | 32.0a | 31.5a | 6.4 | 8.5 | 17.0 | 22.0 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 117±13 | 119±12 | 122±13a | 123±13a | 108±13 | 109±14 | 114±15 | 116±15 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 74±9b | 74±9b | 77±9a | 77±9a | 67±8b | 68±9b | 71±9a | 72±10a |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.45±0.34 | 1.37±0.31 | 1.32±0.28 | 1.27±0.28 | 1.73±0.36 | 1.68±0.39 | 1.60±0.36 | 1.50±0.34 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.20 (0.89–1.69) | 1.27 (0.95–1.80) | 1.54 (1.14–2.12) | 1.61 (1.18–2.26) | 0.83 (0.65–1.13)b | 0.83 (0.64–1.17)b | 1.05 (0.80–1.46) | 1.10 (0.81–1.54) |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.5±1.1b | 5.5±0.9b | 5.7±1.2a | 5.7±1.1a | 5.1±0.7b | 5.2±0.8b | 5.3±0.7 | 5.4±0.9 |
| HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) | 5.4±0.7 (36±8)b | 5.4±0.6 (36±7)b | 5.6±0.8 (38±9)a | 5.6±0.8 (38±9)a | 5.2±0.5 (33±5)b | 5.3±0.5 (34±5)b | 5.4±0.5 (36±5) | 5.5±0.7 (37±8) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.9 (1.3–2.7) | 2.1 (1.5–3.1) | 1.1 (08–1.6)b | 1.1 (0.8–1.6)b | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) |
| HOMA-β | 59 (42–81) | 64 (47–90) | 79 (57–110) | 87 (63–122) | 67 (49–92)b | 65 (46–89)b | 75 (55–102) | 82 (61–115) |
| Incident diabetes | 121 (3.4)b | 71 (3.7)b | 117 (6.5) | 284 (8.2) | 18 (0.9) | 25 (2.0) | 34 (2.7) | 101 (5.2) |
Values are presented as number (%), mean±standard deviation, or median (interquartile range). All continuous variables were significantly different among the four groups with analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis test except for those designated by the same symbols such as a,b,c. All categorical variables were also significantly different with chi-square tests except for those designated by the same symbols a,b,c.
BMI, body mass index; LBM, lean body mass; LBMI, lean body mass index; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; ASMI, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; FMI, fat mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function index.
Not significantly different from a“low muscle/high fat” group, b“low muscle/low fat” group, c“high muscle/low fat” group by post hoc analysis with Tukey test or chi-square test.