Dorsal hippocampal VGF expression is required for the antidepressant actions of BDPP. (A) Timeline of stereotaxic surgery, chronic BDPP treatment and behavioral tests. (B) BDPP treatment did not affect the locomotor activity in dHc-AAV-GFP- and dHc-AAV-Cre-injected Vgfff/ff mice. (C) BDPP treatment significantly increased grooming time in the SST in dHc-AAV-GFP- but not dHc-AAV-Cre-injected Vgfff/ff mice(D) BDPP treatment significantly reduced immobility time in the FST in dHc-AAV-GFP- but not dHc-AAV-Cre-injected Vgfff/ff mice, n = 6 ~ 7 per group. All data are presented as mean ± s.e.m.. Two-way analysis of variance followed by Fisher’s LSD test for B-D (**P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001). OFT open field test, SST sucrose splash test, FST forced swim test.