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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 7.
Published in final edited form as: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019 Jun 4;1455(1):105–112. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14116

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

PACAP activates multiple signaling pathways to regulate several ionic currents controlling intrinsic neuronal excitability. The PAC1 receptor is dually-coupled to Gαs and Gαq subunits, which activate adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase c respectively. cAMP and PKA are both capable of modulating ionic currents, as well as stimulating further signaling factors, such as RapGef. Downstream of PLC, PKC has been shown to modulate multiple ionic currents. PAC1 is also capable of stimulating phosphorylation of ERK via β-arrestin and receptor endocytosis, and downstream of cAMP via RapGef and Rap1. Phosphorylated ERK is then capable of modulating both potassium and sodium conductances. Numbers indicate references demonstrating PACAP effect on specified current.