Table 2.

Main results of recent studies on ZnO-based nanomaterials and electrospun ZnO–polymeric hybrid nanomaterials for tissue-engineering applications.

Type of System	Ref	Description of the System	ZnO Concentration	Cell Line/Bacteria	In Vivo Experiments	Main Results
ZnO NStr/ZnO array for experimental purposes	[74]	ZnO NFls arrays on Si substrate	Zinc nitrate solution 25 mM	MC3T3-E1 osteoblast culture	Implantation on calvarial bone defects of Sprague Dawley rats	Formation of lamellipodia and filopodia
	[74]	ZnO NWs arrays incubated with a collagen solution		PC12 and H9C2	_	Adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of two different electrically excitable mammalian cell lines
	[77]	ZnO NWs arrays on a glass substrate		Mesoangioblasts	_	- Reversibly locked differentiation - No cell damage - Differentiation capabilities completely recovered upon cell removal from the nanowire substrate and re-plating on standard culture glass
ZnO/PCL electrospun scaffold	[93]	PCL+ZnO NPs	0.5–6 wt.%	HDFa	Implantation in guinea pigs	- Proangiogenic properties of ZnO/PCL fibers - Increase in the formation of mature blood vessels and highly branched capillary network
	[91]	PCL and PCL/gelatin + ZnO NPs	0, 5, 15, 30 wt.%	Pg, Fn, hDPSCs, AllCells LLC, Alameda, CA.	_	- Potential application in periodontal regeneration - Good antibacterial properties
	[92]	PCL matrix + zero-valent Zn NPs	5, 10, 15, 20 wt%	Neuroglioblastoma cells, human primary fibroblasts	_	Small concentrations of Zn NPs promoted neuronal cell proliferation with relative non-toxicity for fibroblasts
ZnO–polymeric (other polymers) electrospun implantable scaffold	[97]	ZnO–PU scaffold	5 wt.%	mouse fibroblast	_	Fibroblast viability, adhesion, and proliferation
	[96]	(PVDF–TrFE) + ZnO NP scaffold	0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 wt.%	Red blood cells, White blood cells, platelet, hMSCs), HUVECs	Subcutaneous implantation in Wistar rats	- Tissue regeneration due to the piezoelectric properties of the composite components - Biocompatibility of the system in vitro - Angiogenic properties in vivo
	[94]	β-phase PVDF + ZnO NPs	0.5, 1, 2 mg/mL	Human osteoblasts, S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, E. coli.	_	- Improvement of the elongation modulus at break and load stress - Greater osteoblast density and antibacterial properties of the piezoelectrically excited scaffold
	[98]	1D ZnO-dopedTiO2 fabricated using colloidal gel	1 and 10 μg/mL of ZnO/TO2	C2C12 myoblast cells	_	Beneficial effect on the adhesion, proliferation, and growth of myoblasts
	[36]	PMMA + ZnO NPs fibers and films	0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 wt.%.	Fibroblast cells (L929)	_	- Good proliferation of fibroblast cells - Thermal stability - Luminescence with emission in the near-UV range