Table 2.
Characteristics of the COGNIS study participants.
| BF (n = 50) | SF (n = 85) | EF (n = 85) | p 1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents Characteristics | |||||
| Maternal age (years) | 32 (30–36.25) | 32 (24.75–35.25) | 30.50 (26.25–34.75) | 0.068 | |
| Paternal age (years) | 35.07 ± 5.01 | 32.68 ± 6.89 | 33.31 ± 7.03 | 0.134 | |
| Maternal pBMI (kg/m2) | 23.90 (21.80–26.16) | 24.18 (21.75–27.61) | 23.68 (21.14–27.30) | 0.842 | |
| GA at delivery (weeks) | 39.5 (38–40.25) | 40 (38–40) | 40 (39–40) | 0.925 | |
| GWG (kg) | 6 (4–9) | 7 (3.5–10) | 6 (3–9.5) | 0.781 | |
| Siblings | No | 28 (56) | 33 (38.80) | 42 (49.40) | 0.128 |
| Yes | 22 (44) | 52 (61.20) | 43 (50.60) | ||
| Type of delivery | Vaginal | 37 (74) | 62 (72.90) | 60 (70.60) | 0.899 |
| Caesarean | 13 (26) | 23 (27) | 25 (29.40) | ||
| Smoking during pregnancy | Yes | 2 (4.70) | 13 (18.80) | 10 (13) | 0.098 |
| Postpartum Depression | Yes | 6 (12) | 21 (24.7) | 22 (26.2) | 0.131 |
| Maternal IQ (points) | 111 (99–118) a | 102 (92–111) b | 100 (86–108) b | <0.001 | |
| Maternal educational level | Primary | 1 (2) a | 19 (22.40) b | 19 (22.40) b | <0.001 |
| Secondary | 5 (10) a | 28 (32.90) b | 29 (34.10) b | ||
| VT | 16 (32) | 15 (17.60) | 21 (24.70) | ||
| University | 28 (56) a | 23 (27.10) b | 16 (18.80) b | ||
| Paternal IQ (points) | 108 (99–117) | 108 (96–117) | 102 (92–111) | 0.062 | |
| Paternal educational level | Primary | 6 (12.80) a | 28 (35) b | 36 (46.20) b | 0.003 |
| Secondary | 11 (23.40) | 25 (31.30) | 16 (20.50) | ||
| VT | 12 (25.50) | 13 (16.30) | 12 (15.40) | ||
| University | 18 (38.30) a | 14 (17.40) b | 14 (17.90) b | ||
| Place of residence | Urban | 15 (30) | 38 (44.70) | 28 (32.90) | 0.148 |
| Rural | 35 (70) | 47 (55.30) | 57 (67.10) | ||
| Newborn characteristics | |||||
| Sex (boy) | 21 (42) | 49 (57.6) | 51 (60) | 0.105 | |
| Birth weight (g) | 3321.20 ± 431.73 | 3266.25 ± 459.08 | 3347.76 ± 486.41 | 0.513 | |
| Birth length (cm) | 51 (49–51) | 50 (49–52) | 51 (49–52) | 0.431 | |
| Birth HC (cm) | 35 (33.25–35) | 35 (34–35.5) | 34.25 (34–35) | 0.481 | |
| Breastfeeding (days) | 420 (270–540) | 8 (0–22) | 7 (1–28) | <0.001 | |
Data are presented as n (%) for categorical data, mean ± SDs for parametrically distributed data, and median (IQR) for non-parametrically distributed data. 1 p-values for overall differences between COGNIS study groups. p-values were obtained from ANOVA for normally distributed variables, Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum test for non-normal continuous variables, and Chi-square test for categorical variables. Values not sharing the same suffix (ab) were significantly different in the Bonferroni post hoc test. BF: breastfed infants; SF: standard infant formula; EF: experimental infant formula; pBMI: pre-gestational body mass index; IQ: intelligence quotient; VT: vocational training; GWG: gestational weight gain; GA: gestational age; HC: head circumference.