Table 3.
Trends in stunting prevalence and potential determinants across survey-rounds (n = 50) 1.
| Variables | Average Annualized Rate of Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Beta (95% CI) | p | |
| Stunting prevalence in under-five children (%) | −1.04 (−1.24, −0.84) | <0.001 |
| Gini coefficient | −0.01 (−0.02, −0.01) | <0.001 |
| Total fertility rate (average number of births per women) | −0.07 (−0.09, −0.05) | <0.001 |
| Urbanization (%) | 0.61 (0.21, 1.00) | 0.003 |
| Female primary education (%) | 0.21 (−0.49, 0.91) | 0.560 |
| Male secondary education (%) | 0.13 (−0.05, 0.30) | 0.163 |
| Women’s decision-making power (%) | 2.31 (1.36, 3.26) | <0.001 |
| Women working (%) | −0.30 (−0.84, 0.25) | 0.286 |
| Improved sanitation facilities (%) | 1.87 (1.02, 2.72) | <0.001 |
| Improved drinking water sources (%) | 1.25 (0.66, 1.84) | <0.001 |
| Antenatal care follow-up with ≥4 visits (%) | 1.13 (0.53, 1.72) | <0.001 |
| Delivery at health facility (%) | 1.82 (1.17, 2.47) | <0.001 |
| Iron supplementation during pregnancy (%) | 0.39 (−2.59, 3.37) | 0.798 |
| Children with all 8 basic vaccinations (%) | 1.18 (0.98, 1.38) | <0.001 |
| Initiation of breastfeeding in ≤1 day (%) | 1.00 (0.66, 1.33) | <0.001 |
| Median duration of exclusive breastfeeding (months) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.12) | <0.001 |
| Complementary feeding between ages 6–9 months (%) | 0.32 (−0.21, 0.86) | 0.239 |
| Prevalence of reported low birthweight (%) | −0.18 (−0.58, 0.23) | 0.392 |
| Prevalence of acute respiratory illness (%) | −1.00 (−1.14, −0.86) | <0.001 |
| Prevalence of diarrhea (%) | −0.47 (−0.69, −0.26) | <0.001 |
1 Average annualized rates of change (Beta coefficients (95% CI)) were estimated using a mixed-effects linear model with country as random intercept and time as random slope and using weighting for each country’s population size.