Table 3.
Body composition, nutritional status and physical function in elderly patients before (Pre) and after (Post) their participation in the resistance exercise intervention program plus protein supplementation (Protein-group) or placebo (placebo-group) (analyses per protocol).
| Placebo-Group | Protein-Group | Differences between Groups | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Pre | Post | p | N | Pre | Post | p | Δ Placebo | Δ Protein | p | |
| Primary outcome | |||||||||||
| Physical function | |||||||||||
| Handgrip (kg/body mass) | 13 | 0.3 (0.09) | 0.3 (0.09) | 0.775 | 15 | 0.4 (0.09) | 0.4 (0.09) | 0.651 | 0.0 (0.03) | -0.0 (0.06) | 0.971 |
| SFT chair stand test 30sec | 13 | 10.6 (4.17) | 13.5 (4.59) | 0.003 | 15 | 12.3 (2.97) | 14.4 (3.22) | <0.001 | 2.8 (2.79) | 2.1 (1.53) | 0.480 |
| SFT arm curl test 30sec | 13 | 13.5 (5.22) | 21.9 (4.66) | <0.001 | 15 | 16.3 (3.92) | 23.5 (4.53) | <0.001 | 8.4 (5.74) | 7.2 (4.86) | 0.724 |
| SFT 6min WT (m) | 13 | 314.8 (139.36) | 375.0 (128.39) | 0.002 | 15 | 411.5 (80.4) | 455.1 (81.77) | 0.005 | 60.2 (53.67) | 43.6 (51.2) | 0.959 |
| SPPB total score | 13 | 8.7 (2.36) | 10.3 (1.89) | 0.001 | 15 | 10.1 (1.58) | 11.3 (0.96) | 0.002 | 1.6 (1.39) | 1.2 (1.21) | 0.634 |
| SPPB 5Squat | 13 | 14.7 (6.85) | 10.6 (3.67) | 0.005 | 15 | 12.2 (2.86) | 10.0 (2.81) | 0.004 | −4.1 (4.32) | –2.2 (2.4) | 0.491 |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||||||||
| Body composition | |||||||||||
| Body mass (kg) | 13 | 75.9 (17.95) | 75.6 (18.31) | 0.621 | 15 | 68.0 (11.43) | 68.3 11.07) | 0.500 | −0.3 (2.24) | 0.3 (1.60) | 0.471 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 13 | 30.8 (6.54) | 30.7 (6.64) | 0.575 | 15 | 27.4 (3.5) | 27.5 (3.37) | 0.453 | −0.3 (2.24) | 0.3 (1.60) | 0.493 |
| Waist to hip ratio | 13 | 1.00 (0.07) | 1.00 (0.08) | 0.818 | 15 | 0.98 (0.09) | 0.96 (0.08) | 0.255 | −0.0 (0.06) | −0.0 (0.05) | 0.400 |
| Lean mass arms (kg) | 13 | 2.3 (0.67) | 2.3 (0.41) | 0.937 | 15 | 2.3 (0.44) | 2.2 (0.41) | 0.049 | 0.0 (0.36) | −0.1 (0.24) | 0.088 |
| Lean mass legs (kg) | 13 | 6.8 (1.7) | 6.9 (1.45) | 0.630 | 15 | 6.4 (1.08) | 6.5 (1.04) | 0.260 | 0.1 (0.64) | 0.1 (0.34) | 0.756 |
| Lean mass trunk (kg) | 13 | 23.0 (4.83) | 22.6 (4.47) | 0.212 | 15 | 21.5 (3.88) | 21.7 (3.61) | 0.198 | −0.4 (1.21) | 0.2 (0.67) | 0.128 |
| Total lean mass (kg) | 13 | 45.2 (9.85) | 44.7 (8.54) | 0.545 | 15 | 42.3 (6.63) | 42.5 (6.61) | 0.458 | −0.4 (2.52) | 0.2 (1.02) | 0.611 |
| Fat mass arms (%) | 13 | 2.6 (0.96) | 2.6 (0.85) | 0.808 | 15 | 2.4 (0.77) | 2.3 (0.92) | 0.291 | −0.0 (0.56) | −0.1 (0.41) | 0.575 |
| Fat mass legs (%) | 13 | 5.8 (1.85) | 5.9 (2.07) | 0.165 | 15 | 5.4 (1.84) | 5.5 (1.69) | 0.506 | 0.2 (0.45) | 0.1 (0.46) | 0.549 |
| Fat mass trunk (%) | 13 | 17.1 (3.86) | 16.7 (3.31) | 0.448 | 15 | 14.9 (3.03) | 15.7 (2.61) | 0.061 | −0.4 (1.86) | 0.7 (1.31) | 0.297 |
| Total fat mass (%) | 13 | 35.4 (8.05) | 35.2 (7.53) | 0.728 | 15 | 32.1 (6.84) | 32.7 (6.64) | 0.092 | −0.2 (1.91) | 0.6 (1.31) | 0.357 |
| Nutritional status | |||||||||||
| MNA score | 13 | 23.1 (3.8) | 25.3 (2.2) | 0.010 | 15 | 24.5 (2.1) | 26.2 (1.6) | 0.019 | 2.2 (2.6) | 1.7 (2.5) | 0.512 |
| Normal nutritional status (N. %) | 13 | 4(30.8) | 9(69.3) | 0.123 | 15 | 11(73.3) | 14(93.4) | 0.533 | |||
| At risk of malnutrition (N. %) | 13 | 8(61.6) | 4(30.8) | 15 | 4(26.7) | 1(6.7) | |||||
| Malnourished (N. %) | 13 | 1(7.7) | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Biomarkers | |||||||||||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 10 | 1.1 (0.48) | 1.1 (0.37) | 0.664 | 15 | 0.9 (0.35) | 0.9 (0.32) | 0.595 | 0.0 (0.21) | 0.0 (0.14) | 0.438 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 13 | 3.9 (0.39) | 4.1 (0.31) | 0.189 | 15 | 3.9 (0.31) | 4.0 (0.26) | 0.499 | 0.1 (0.22) | 0.0 (0.15) | 0.331 |
| Prealbumin (mg/dL) | 12 | 22.2 (6.63) | 20.5 (4.48) | 0.221 | 14 | 23.3 (4.31) | 21.3 (4.17) | 0.019 | −1.6 (4.36) | −1.9 (2.77) | 0.916 |
SFT chair stand test 30sec: Senior Fitness Test chair stand test 30 sec; SFT arm curl test 30 sec: Senior Fitness Test arm curl test 30sec; SFT 6MWT (m): Senior Fitness Test 6-min Walking Test (m); SPPB total punctuation: Short Physical Performance Battery total punctuation; SPPB 5Squat: Short Physical Performance Battery 5Squat; BMI: body mass index; MNA score: Mini Nutritional Assessment score. Values are means and standard deviations. *P indicates statistical differences between Pre and Post values (paired Student’s t-test). Δ placebo indicates the difference between Pre and Post values in the Placebo-group; Δ Protein indicates the difference between Pre and Post values in the Protein-group. P indicates statistical significance between Δ placebo and Δ Protein (ANOVA).