Table 2.
Potential protective effect of garlic or its bioactive compounds on proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers during the progression of atherosclerosis.
| Reference | Study Design | Study Duration | Participants | Type of Study | Findings Plasma Lipids Analyzed markers |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang et al. [92] | Daily doses of 9 g Black Garlic or placebo during 14 days. | Short | 19 healthy, nonsmoking and untrained males (22.8 ± 6.0). | Double-blind, parallel design study. | ↓dROMs, lipid peroxide, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α. | |
| Atkin et al. [89] | 1200 mg of AGE or placebo daily for four weeks. | 26 subjects with T2DM, aged 18 to 70 years. | Double blind, placebo-controlled crossover pilot study. | No changes in TAOS, GSH/GSSG, LHP or CRP, IL-6. | ||
| Williams et al. [90] | 2.4 g/day of AGE or placebo for two weeks. | Short | 15 men with angiographically proven CAD aged 45 to 70 years. | Randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. | No changes in oxLDL and peroxides, CRP and IL-6 and endothelial activation (VCAM-1) ↑ FMD. |
|
| Zare et al. [86] | 400 mg of standardized garlic extract twice a day or placebo for two months. | Short | 42 peritoneal dialysis patients, aged 18 to 80 years. | Parallel-designed double blind randomized clinical trial. | ↓ IL-6 and CRP. | |
| Kumar et al. [87] | Control group and 500 mg/day garlic extract of Allium sativum twice a day for 12 weeks. | Short | 60 patients with T2DM and obesity. | Open-label, prospective, comparative study. | ↓Fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose. ↓ TC, LDL and TG and ↑ HDL |
↓ CRP and adenosine deaminase. |
| Ried et al. [70] | Daily intake of 1.2 g of AGE (1.2 mg S-allylcysteine) or placebo for 12 weeks. | Short | 49 participants with uncontrolled hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg). | Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. | ↓ SBP (10 ± 3.6 mmHg) and DBP (5.4 ± 2.3 mmHg). ↓ Pulse pressure and arterial stiffness (p < 0.05). |
↓ TNF-α and IL-6 Improvement of gut microbiota (↑ Lactobacillus and Clostridia species). |
| Zeb et al. [88] | Daily intake of AGE (1200 mg) plus CoQ10 (120 mg) or placebo for one year. | Intermediate | 65 intermediate risk (CAC score >10 at baseline) firefighters (mean age: 55 ± 6 years). | Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. | AGE+CoQ10: ↓ CAC progression (32 ± 6 vs. 58 ± 8, p = 0.01) and ↓ CRP (−0.12 ± 0.24 vs. 0.91 ± 0.56 mg/L, p < 0.05). | |
| Liu et al. [91] | 20 g garlic (2.60 mg GAeq/g) daily or placebo for six months. | Intermediate | 120 chronic heart failure patients caused by CHD. Age 35–75 years. | Randomized controlled clinical trial. | ↓ Nt-proBNP ↑ Circulating antioxidant levels. |
|
AGE, Aged garlic extract; CAC, Coronary artery calcium; CAD, Coronary artery disease; CoQ10, Coenzyme Q10; CHD, Coronary heart disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; dROMS, Reactive oxygen metabolites; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; FMD, Flow-mediated dilation; GAeq, Eq gallic acid; GSH/GSSG, Reduced and oxidized glutathione; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; IL-, Interleukin; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; LPH, Plasma lipid hydroperoxides; Nt-proBNP, BNP precursor N-terminal; OxLDL, Oxidized low-density lipoprotein; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC, Total cholesterol; TAOS, Plasma total antioxidant status; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; TG, Triglyceride; VCAM-1, Vascular adhesion molecule-1.