Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population at baseline examination in accordance with the quintiles of oily fish consumption by sex in the HEXA-G study.
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | p Value | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | p value | |
| N | 1120 | 1146 | 1239 | 1089 | 1116 | 3044 | 2940 | 2989 | 2983 | 3004 | ||
| Age (years) | 55.2 ± 8.6 | 54.2 ± 8.2 | 54.7 ± 8.2 | 53.9 ± 8.5 | 53.8 ± 8.1 | <0.0001 | 50.2 ± 7.5 | 49.7 ± 7.2 | 50.0 ± 7.4 | 49.4 ± 7.1 | 50.3 ± 7.0 | <0.0001 |
| Age (years), n (%) | ||||||||||||
| 40–49 | 312 (27.9) | 348 (30.4) | 351 (28.3) | 361 (33.2) | 365 (32.7) | <0.0010 | 1564 (51.4) | 1561 (53.1) | 1536 (51.4) | 1654 (55.5) | 1491 (49.6) | <0.0001 |
| 50–59 | 389 (34.7) | 435 (38.0) | 477 (38.5) | 405 (37.2) | 423 (37.9) | 1044 (34.3) | 1045 (35.5) | 1065 (35.6) | 1005 (33.7) | 1145 (38.1) | ||
| 60–69 | 419 (37.4) | 363 (31.7) | 411 (33.2) | 323 (29.7) | 328 (29.4) | 436 (14.3) | 334 (11.4) | 388 (13.0) | 324 (10.9) | 368 (12.3) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Under middle school | 321 (28.7) | 241 (21.0) | 272 (22.0) | 213 (19.6) | 184 (16.5) | <0.0001 | 1032 (33.9) | 811 (27.6) | 874 (29.2) | 738 (24.7) | 751 (25.0) | <0.0001 |
| High school | 413 (36.9) | 473 (41.3) | 485 (39.1) | 431 (39.6) | 472 (42.3) | 1314 (43.2) | 1382 (47.0) | 1374 (46.0) | 1493 (50.1) | 1497 (49.8) | ||
| Over college | 370 (33.0) | 419 (36.6) | 466 (37.6) | 435 (39.9) | 448 (40.1) | 665 (21.9) | 716 (24.4) | 706 (23.6) | 729 (24.4) | 719 (23.9) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 2.7 | 23.4 ± 2.6 | 23.5 ± 2.6 | 23.8 ± 2.6 | 23.9 ± 2.6 | <0.0001 | 22.7 ± 2.7 | 22.9 ± 2.8 | 22.9 ± 2.7 | 23.0 ± 2.7 | 23.1 ± 2.7 | <0.0001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Underweight | 37 (3.3) | 29 (2.5) | 26 (2.1) | 15 (1.4) | 20 (1.8) | <0.0001 | 126 (4.1) | 94 (3.2) | 81 (2.7) | 78 (2.6) | 66 (2.2) | 0.0003 |
| Normal | 497 (44.4) | 476 (41.5) | 500 (40.4) | 425 (39.0) | 407 (36.5) | 1623 (53.3) | 1590 (54.1) | 1577 (52.8) | 1571 (52.7) | 1525 (50.8) | ||
| Overweight | 314 (28.0) | 350 (30.5) | 393 (31.7) | 301 (27.6) | 301 (27.0) | 706 (23.2) | 680 (23.1) | 743 (24.9) | 749 (25.1) | 779 (25.9) | ||
| Obese | 272 (24.3) | 291 (25.4) | 320 (25.8) | 348 (32.0) | 388 (34.8) | 589 (19.4) | 576 (19.6) | 588 (19.7) | 585 (19.6) | 634 (21.1) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||
| Non-drinker | 377 (33.7) | 298 (26.0) | 332 (26.8) | 252 (23.1) | 254 (22.8) | <0.0001 | 2104 (69.1) | 1925 (65.5) | 1966 (65.8) | 1893 (63.5) | 2008 (66.8) | 0.0008 |
| Current drinker | 740 (66.1) | 847 (73.9) | 901 (72.7) | 831 (76.3) | 857 (76.8) | 929 (30.5) | 1001 (34.1) | 1011 (33.8) | 1081 (36.2) | 979 (32.6) | ||
| Current smoking status | ||||||||||||
| Never smoker | 410 (36.6) | 423 (36.9) | 436 (35.2) | 364 (33.4) | 366 (32.8) | 0.5620 | 2955 (97.1) | 2858 (97.2) | 2914 (97.5) | 2910 (97.6) | 2908 (96.8) | 0.5502 |
| Past smoker | 448 (40.0) | 458 (40.0) | 508 (41.0) | 445 (40.9) | 455 (40.8) | 28 (0.9) | 29 (1.0) | 23 (0.8) | 24 (0.8) | 37 (1.2) | ||
| Current smoker | 258 (23.0) | 261 (22.8) | 289 (23.3) | 276 (25.3) | 287 (25.7) | 51 (1.7) | 40 (1.4) | 40 (1.3) | 39 (1.3) | 40 (1.3) | ||
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Active | 217 (19.4) | 224 (19.6) | 241 (19.5) | 237 (21.8) | 288 (25.8) | 0.0002 | 485 (15.9) | 467 (15.9) | 522 (17.5) | 520 (17.4) | 651 (21.7) | <0.0001 |
| Inactive | 885 (79.0) | 895 (78.1) | 960 (77.5) | 819 (75.2) | 793 (71.1) | 2519 (82.8) | 2426 (82.5) | 2425 (81.1) | 2390 (80.1) | 2274 (75.7) | ||
| Nutrient intake | ||||||||||||
| Total energy (Kcal/d) | 1658.6 ± 436.3 | 1754.3 ± 437.2 | 1816.8 ± 406.4 | 1913.0 ± 460.6 | 2057.5 ± 492.8 | <0.0001 | 1534.4 ± 431.2 | 1600.8 ± 445.5 | 1678.4 ± 456.7 | 1758.0 ± 481.0 | 1921.0 ± 7.0 | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrates (g/d) | 309.0 ± 76.8 | 317.6 ± 77.6 | 326.5 ± 72.4 | 335.4 ± 78.4 | 348.8 ± 80.1 | <0.0001 | 286.4 ± 79.8 | 292.9 ± 82.3 | 301.4 ± 82.1 | 310.2 ± 85.5 | 327.3 ± 90.6 | <0.0001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 49.3 ± 16.8 | 56.0 ± 17.6 | 59.5 ± 16.9 | 65.6 ± 20.5 | 76.7 ± 26.0 | <0.0001 | 46.7 ± 16.0 | 51.1 ± 16.6 | 56.0 ± 18.5 | 60.8 ± 19.4 | 72.2 ± 25.3 | <0.0001 |
| Fat (g/d) | 22.3 ± 13.1 | 26.3 ± 13.0 | 27.8 ± 12.4 | 32.0 ± 14.8 | 37.4 ± 17.1 | <0.0001 | 20.6 ± 11.6 | 23.2 ± 12.1 | 26.0 ± 13.3 | 29.0 ± 140 | 34.8 ± 17.0 | < .0001 |
HEXA-G: Health Examinees Gem.