Table 4.
Daily nutrient intakes and prevalence of not meeting DRIs (DG and EAR) among 9987 men according to dairy intake status 1,2,3,4.
| All | Milk | Dairy | Non-Dairy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intakes | Not Meeting DRIs: % (above) | Intakes | Not Meeting DRIs: % (above) | Intakes | Not Meeting DRIs: % (above) | Intakes | Not Meeting DRIs: % (above) | p 5 | ||
| Energy, kcal/day | 2062.8 (1720.2–2442.8) | 2144.9 (1808.2–2517.6) | 2083.8 (1764.4–2447.6) | 1945.7 (1580.8–2349.3) | ||||||
| Nutrients with DG | ||||||||||
| Protein, % energy | 14.3 (12.5–16.3) | 36.5 | 14.6 (12.8–16.4) | 31.4 | 14.4 (12.6–16.4) | 35.3 | 14.0 (11.9–16.2) | 42.8 | <0.001 | |
| (4.6) | (4.0) | (5.0) | (5.1) | |||||||
| Fat, % energy | 25.4 (20.6–30.5) | 49.3 | 26.8 (22.2–31.3) | 46.0 | 25.2 (20.4–30.5) | 50.0 | 24.0 (18.9–29.2) | 52.4 | <0.001 | |
| (27.1) | (31.3) | (27.3) | (22.3) | |||||||
| Saturated fat, % energy | 6.5 (5.0–8.3) | 41.8 | 7.3 (6.0–9.0) | 56.2 | 6.3 (4.9–8.0) | 38.9 | 5.6 (4.1–7.2) | 28.0 | <0.001 | |
| Carbohydrate, % energy | 59.9 (54.3–65.3) | 38.5 | 58.5 (53.4–63.4) | 33.1 | 60.1 (54.4–65.1) | 38.1 | 61.6 (55.5–67.6) | 44.7 | <0.001 | |
| (26.3) | (19.0) | (25.7) | (34.9) | |||||||
| Dietary fibre, g/d | 16.8 (13.0–21.4) | 67.0 | 17.0 (13.4–21.5) | 65.7 | 17.4 (13.5–22.0) | 64.9 | 16.1 (12.3–20.9) | 69.8 | <0.001 | |
| Sodium (salt-equivalent), g/day | 12.2 (9.8–15.2) | 89.3 | 11.7 (9.5–14.3) | 88.4 | 12.2 (9.8–15.3) | 89.8 | 12.8 (10.1–16.1) | 89.9 | 0.08 | |
| Potassium, mg/day | 2679 (2193–3246) | 65.4 | 2828 (2358–3366) | 58.4 | 2725 (2243–3305) | 63.5 | 2471 (2015–3018) | 74.4 | <0.001 | |
| Nutrients with EAR | ||||||||||
| Protein, g/d | 87.4 (76.1–100.0) | 0.9 | 88.2 (78.0–99.5) | 0.4 | 87.5 (76.5–101.0) | 0.8 | 86.5 (73.2–100.2) | 1.7 | <0.001 | |
| Vitamin A, μg RE/day | 470 (302–708) | 65.1 | 528 (357–755) | 58.8 | 465 (303–700) | 65.6 | 409 (239–639) | 71.7 | <0.001 | |
| Thiamine, mg/day | 1.00 (0.80–1.27) | 60.9 | 1.02 (0.84–1.27) | 59.0 | 1.00 (0.78–1.29) | 60.2 | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | 63.4 | <0.001 | |
| Riboflavin, mg/day | 1.33 (1.06–1.65) | 38.5 | 1.46 (1.21–1.77) | 24.8 | 1.30 (1.06–1.60) | 39.5 | 1.18 (0.93–1.49) | 53.0 | <0.001 | |
| Niacin, NEmg/day | 32.9 (27.3–39.3) | 0.0 | 32.5 (27.5–38.2) | 0.0 | 33.5 (27.6–40.2) | 32.9 (26.8–40.1) | 0.1 | 0.29 | ||
| Vitamin B-6, mg/day | 1.38 (1.12–1.69) | 32.8 | 1.41 (1.15–1.69) | 29.5 | 1.39 (1.13–1.71) | 31.7 | 1.34 (1.08–1.67) | 37.1 | <0.001 | |
| Vitamin B-12, μg/day | 5.4 (2.9–10.2) | 13.6 | 5.4 (3.1–9.7) | 9.3 | 5.5 (2.9–10.6) | 14.4 | 5.3 (2.6–10.6) | 17.9 | <0.001 | |
| Folate, μg/day | 328 (251–421) | 11.0 | 332 (259–420) | 9.0 | 336 (262–434) | 8.9 | 317 (237–412) | 14.5 | <0.001 | |
| Vitamin C, mg/day | 89.8 (55.6–140.9) | 46.8 | 95.6 (60.2–147.3) | 43.1 | 97.8 (59.6–150.1) | 42.1 | 79.6 (48.2–125.2) | 53.8 | <0.001 | |
| Calcium, mg/day Magnesium, mg/day | 544 (390–738) | 56.4 | 672 (511–850) | 37.1 | 551 (416–719) | 56.7 | 416 (312–565) | 77.5 | <0.001 | |
| 296 (248–353) | 46.1 | 302 (256–354) | 41.8 | 302 (256–360) | 43.0 | 284 (237–345) | 52.9 | <0.001 | ||
| Iron, mg/day | 9.2 (7.6–11.0) | 8.3 | 9.1 (7.5–10.8) | 7.6 | 9.3 (7.7–11.2) | 7.1 | 9.2 (7.5–11.2) | 10.0 | 0.002 | |
| Zinc, mg/day | 10.0 (8.8–11.5) | 13.6 | 10.2 (9.0–11.6) | 10.8 | 9.9 (8.7–11.4) | 14.6 | 9.9 (8.6–11.4) | 16.0 | <0.001 | |
| Copper, mg/day | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 0.6 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 0.4 | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 0.5 | 1.5 (1.2–1.7) | 0.8 | 0.11 | |
1 Intakes values are medians (IQR). Nutrients expressed as energy-adjusted values by using the following equation: energy-adjusted intake (unit/day) = observed intake (unit/day) × Estimated Energy Requirement (EER, kcal/day) / observed energy intake (kcal/day). 2 Prevalence of not meeting DRIs is percentage of participants whose intake fell outside the range of dietary goals (DG) or below the estimated average requirement (EAR). Each energy-adjusted nutrient intake (unit/day) was compared with each DRI (dietary reference intake) value (unit/day), using the cut-point method. The probability of inadequacy of >50% for menstruating women whose bioavailability of iron is 15% (<9.3 mg/day) was considered not meeting EAR for women aged 20–49 years. 3 All nutrient intakes, except vitamin B12 in men, were significantly different across the dairy intake groups (p < 0.05; Kruskal–Wallis test). 4 Milk, milk consumers; Dairy, other dairy consumers; Non-dairy, non-dairy consumers; RE, retinol equivalent; NE, niacin equivalent. 5 Difference in the prevalence of not meeting DG and EAR was tested using Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test adjusting for age categories.