Table 5.
Daily nutrient intakes and prevalence of not meeting DRIs (DG and EAR) among 11,619 women according to dairy intake status 1,2,3,4.
| All | Milk | Dairy | Non-Dairy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intakes | Not Meeting DRIs: %(above) | Intakes | Not Meeting DRIs: %(above) | Intakes | Not Meeting DRIs: %(above) | Intakes | Not Meeting DRIs: %(above) | p 5 | ||
| Energy, kcal/d | 1654.0 (1386.2–1943.8) | 1742.0 (1482.8–2014.8) | 1644.1 (1394.2–1927.6) | 1515.4 (1235.4–1788.9) | - | |||||
| Nutrients with DG | ||||||||||
| Protein, % energy | 15.0 (13.1–17.1) | 30.7 | 15.2 (13.4–17.1) | 26.6 | 15.0 (13.1–17.2) | 31.7 | 14.7 (12.6–17.0) | 36.6 | <0.001 | |
| (7.0) | (6.0) | (7.8) | (7.9) | |||||||
| Fat, % energy | 27.2 (22.3–32.3) | 51.1 | 28.4 (23.8–33.1) | 51.0 | 26.8 (22.132.0) | 50.4 | 25.4 (20.2–30.9) | 52.0 | 0.44 | |
| (35.1) | (40.7) | (33.1) | (27.7) | |||||||
| Saturated fat, % energy | 7.1 (5.4–9.1) | 51.9 | 8.1 (6.5–9.9) | 67.1 | 6.8 (5.1–8.6) | 46.0 | 5.8 (4.3–7.6) | 32.2 | <0.001 | |
| Carbohydrate, % energy | 57.3 (51.8–63.1) | 36.3 | 56.2 (50.9–61.4) | 33.4 | 57.7 (52.1–63.3) | 36.2 | 59.4 (53.3–65.8) | 41.3 | <0.001 | |
| (17.9) | (12.1) | (18.5) | (27.3) | |||||||
| Dietary fibre, g/day | 15.5 (12.0–19.5) | 64.8 | 15.6 (12.2–19.3) | 65.2 | 15.9 (12.2–20.0) | 62.4 | 15.1 (11.6–19.4) | 66.4 | 0.05 | |
| Sodium (salt-equivalent), g/day | 10.0 (7.9–12.4) | 85.2 | 9.6 (7.8–11.8) | 83.8 | 10.2 (8.1–12.5) | 86.3 | 10.5 (8.2–13.2) | 86.3 | 0.001 | |
| Potassium, mg/day | 2405 (1965–2911) | 60.9 | 2513 (2099–2989) | 55.4 | 2429 (1989–2944) | 59.5 | 2190 (1771–2676) | 71.8 | <0.001 | |
| Nutrients with EAR | ||||||||||
| Protein, g/day | 70.6 (61.7–80.6) | 0.9 | 71.5 (62.9–80.6) | 0.4 | 70.4 (61.7–80.6) | 0.7 | 69.1 (59.4–80.4) | 1.8 | <0.001 | |
| Vitamin A, μg RE/day | 446 (292–651) | 55.2 | 485 (339–679) | 49.7 | 425 (282–640) | 57.5 | 382 (227–607) | 62.4 | <0.001 | |
| Thiamine, mg/day | 0.83 (0.67–1.03) | 55.8 | 0.84 (0.70–1.03) | 54.1 | 0.83 (0.66–1.04) | 55.6 | 0.80 (0.63–1.03) | 58.8 | <0.001 | |
| Riboflavin, mg/day | 1.17 (0.93–1.44) | 28.8 | 1.27 (1.06–1.53) | 17.3 | 1.14 (0.91–1.40) | 31.8 | 1.01 (0.80–1.29) | 45.4 | <0.001 | |
| Niacin, NEmg/day | 26.3 (22.0–31.4) | 0.1 | 26.1 (22.2–31.0) | 0.0 | 26.7 (22.3–31.8) | . | 26.4 (21.4–32.1) | 0.2 | 0.003 | |
| Vitamin B-6, mg/day | 1.15 (0.92–1.41) | 33.5 | 1.16 (0.94–1.41) | 31.5 | 1.16 (0.93–1.43) | 32.4 | 1.12 (0.88–1.39) | 37.7 | <0.001 | |
| Vitamin B-12, μg/day | 4.2 (2.2–8.2) | 21.3 | 4.3 (2.5–8.0) | 16.3 | 4.3 (2.2–8.3) | 22.3 | 4.0 (1.8–8.6) | 28.7 | <0.001 | |
| Folate, μg/day | 299 (230–382) | 15.4 | 297 (233–375) | 14.3 | 306 (236–395) | 13.6 | 293 (219–382) | 19.0 | <0.001 | |
| Vitamin C, mg/day | 92.2 (57.9–143.1) | 45.5 | 93.5 (60.1–143.4) | 44.1 | 100.1 (62.3–151.7) | 42.0 | 83.3 (48.8–132.9) | 51.4 | <0.001 | |
| Calcium, mg/day | 521 (377–683) | 52.4 | 618 (484–774) | 34.1 | 501 (387–646) | 56.4 | 373 (280–503) | 79.3 | <0.001 | |
| Magnesium, mg/day | 254 (212–302) | 38.1 | 258 (217–304) | 34.9 | 258 (216–309) | 36.5 | 242 (199–292) | 45.0 | <0.001 | |
| Iron, mg/day | 7.9 (6.5–9.6) | 29.1 | 7.7 (6.4–9.3) | 30.6 | 8.2 (6.6–9.8) | 25.0 | 8.1 (6.6–9.9) | 30.6 | <0.001 | |
| Zinc, mg/day | 7.9 (7.0–9.0) | 7.8 | 8.1 (7.2–9.1) | 5.9 | 7.9 (6.9–8.9) | 8.2 | 7.8 (6.8–8.9) | 10.7 | <0.001 | |
| Copper, mg/day | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 0.6 | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.6 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 0.6 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 0.7 | 0.95 | |
1 Intakes values are medians (IQR). Nutrients expressed as energy-adjusted values by using the following equation: energy-adjusted intake (unit/day) = observed intake (unit/day) × Estimated Energy Requirement (EER, kcal/day)/observed energy intake (kcal/day). 2 Prevalence of not meeting DRIs is percentage of participants whose intake fell outside the range of DG or below the EAR. Each energy-adjusted nutrient intake (unit/d) was compared with each DRI value (unit/day), using the cut-point method. The probability of inadequacy of >50% for menstruating women whose bioavailability of iron is 15% (<9.3 mg/day) was considered not meeting EAR for women aged 20–49 years. 3 All nutrient intakes, except vitamin B12 in men, were significantly different across the dairy intake groups (p < 0.05; Kruskal–Wallis test). 4 Milk, milk consumers; Dairy, other dairy consumers; Non-dairy, non-dairy consumers; RE, retinol equivalent; NE, niacin equivalent. 5 Difference in the prevalence of not meeting DG and EAR was tested using Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test adjusting for age categories.