Table 1.

Effects of Vitamin D on vascular health in various studies of animal models and clinical research.

First Author, Year	Study Type	Population	Vitamin D Parameter	Outcome	Reported Interaction with Vitamin D
Studies in animals
Salum, 2013 [31]	Experimental	Diabetic rats	Vitamin D supplementation	Carboxymethylycin accumulation	Negative, significant
Ellam, 2014 [28]	Experimental	Apolipoprotein E knockout mice	Induced deficiency	Atheroma calcification	Positive, significant
Yin, 2015 [24]	Experimental	Hypercholesterolemic swine	Induced deficiency	Macrophage recruitment	Positive, significant
Chen, 2016 [25]	Experimental	Hypercholesterolemic swine	Induced deficiency	NFkB activity	Positive, significant
Chang, 2017 [72]	Experimental	Obese rats	Induced deficiency	Macrophage recruitment	Positive, significant
Farhangi, 2017 [30]	Experimental	Obese rats	Induced deficiency	Superoxide dismutase/Catalase activity	Negative, significant
Hadjadj, 2019 [27]	Experimental	Hyperandrogenic female rats	Induced deficiency	LAD relaxation capacity	Negative, significant
Studies in humans
Hsia, 2007 [34]	Experimental, clinical	Postmenopausal women	Vitamin D supplementation	Major adverse cardiovascular events / Stroke	Non-significant
Giovanucci, 2008 [19]	Observational clinical	Healthy adult men	Baseline concentrations	Major adverse cardiovascular events	Inverse, significant
Cauley, 2013 [35]	Post-hoc experimental, clinical	Postmenopausal women	Vitamin D supplementation	All-cause mortality	Non-significant
Martins, 2014 [76]	Experimental, clinical	Obese Adults	Vitamin D supplementation	Arterial stiffness	Inverse, significant
Schöttker, 2014 [22]	Meta-analysis	General population	Baseline concentrations	Cardiovascular mortality	Inverse, significant
Welles, 2014 [20]	Observational clinical	Stable cardiovascular disease	Baseline concentrations	Major adverse cardiovascular events	Inverse, significant
Sunbul, 2015 [29]	Observational	Healthy adults	Baseline concentrations	Global longitudinal strain	Statistically significant
Faridi, 2017 [23]	Observational clinical	General population	Baseline concentrations	Total cholesterol	Inverse, significant
Scragg, 2017 [36]	Experimental, clinical	General population	Vitamin D supplementation	Cardiovascular disease incidence	Non-significant
Zhang, 2017 [21]	Meta-analysis	General population	Baseline concentrations	Cardiovascular mortality	Inverse, significant
Manson, 2019 [37]	Experimental, clinical	General population	Vitamin D supplementation	Major adverse cardiovascular events / Stroke	Non-significant

NFkB: nuclear factor kappa beta; LAD: left anterior descending artery.