Table 5.
Amounts and percentages of daily calcium intake by food group of participants and non-participants in the school milk program in South Korea (mg/d (%)).
| Food Group | Boys | Girls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (n = 167) |
Non-Participant (n = 153) |
Total (n = 320) |
Participants (n = 179) |
Non-Participants (n = 193) |
Total (n = 372) |
|
| Grains | 53.3 ± 4.0 1,NS,2
(8.0 ± 0.5 3,***) |
50.8 ± 4.2 (14.2 ± 0.8) |
52.1 ± 2.8 3 (11.0 ± 0.5) |
57.9 ± 4.6 NS
(9.6 ± 0.8 ***) |
53.2 ± 4.4 (13.5 ± 0.8) |
56.1 ± 3.1 (11.6 ± 0.6) |
| Potato starch | 3.5 ± 0.3 ** (0.6 ± 0.0 *) |
2.5 ± 0.3 (0.8 ± 0.1) |
3.0 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.1) |
2.2 ± 0.3 ** (0.4 ± 0.0 ***) |
3.3 ± 0.3 (0.8 ± 0.1) |
2.6 ± 0.2 (0.6 ± 0.1) |
| Sugar | 0.9 ± 0.3 NS (0.9 ± 0.1 NS) |
0.7 ± 0.3 (0.1 ± 0.0) |
0.8 ± 0.2 (0.1 ± 0.0) |
0.9 ± 0.2 NS (0.2 ± 0.0 NS) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.2 ± 0.1) |
0.7 ± 0.1 (0.2 ± 0.0) |
| Beans | 23.8 ± 2.1 NS (3.4 ± 0.3 ***) |
24.9 ± 2.2 (7.0 ± 0.4) |
24.3 ± 1.4 (5.1 ± 0.3) |
27.6 ± 2.0 NS (4.4 ± 0.3 ***) |
27.4 ± 1.9 (7.0 ± 0.4) |
27.7 ± 1.3 (5.7 ± 0.3) |
| Seeds/nuts | 4.0 ± 0.3 ** (0.6 ± 0.1 NS) |
2.6 ± 0.3 (0.8 ± 0.1) |
3.3 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.1) |
3.1 ± 0.3 * (0.5 ± 0.0 NS) |
2.3 ± 0.3 (0.6 ± 0.1) |
2.7 ± 0.2 (0.5 ± 0.0) |
| Vegetables | 99.6 ± 3.4 *** (15.4 ± 0.6 ***) |
71.4 ± 3.5 (22.0 ± 0.9) |
86.1 ± 2.4 (18.6 ± 0.5) |
87.3 ± 2.9 *** (14.4 ± 0.6 ***) |
66.0 ± 2.7 (18.5 ± 0.6) |
78.8 ± 2.0 (16.5 ± 0.4) |
| Mushrooms | 0.6 ± 0.1 *** (0.1 ± 0.0 NS) |
0.2 ± 0.1 (0.1 ± 0.0) |
0.4 ± 0.1 (0.1 ± 0.0) |
0.1 ± 0.0 *** (0.0 ± 0.0 ***) |
0.3 ± 0.0 (0.1 ± 0.0) |
0.2 ± 0.0 (0.0 ± 0.0) |
| Fruits | 2.8 ± 0.5 * (0.4 ± 0.1 NS) |
1.0 ± 0.5 (0.3 ± 0.1) |
2.0 ± 0.3 (0.3 ± 0.0) |
3.2 ± 0.3 NS (0.5 ± 0.1 *) |
2.8 ± 0.3 (0.7 ± 0.1) |
2.9 ± 0.2 (0.6 ± 0.1) |
| Meats | 30.0 ± 2.4 NS (4.5 ± 0.3 ***) |
24.6 ± 2.5 (6.9 ± 0.6) |
27.4 ± 1.7 (5.7 ± 0.3) |
16.9 ± 1.6 NS (2.7 ± 0.2 ***) |
20.7 ± 1.5 (5.9 ± 0.5) |
18.9 ± 1.0 (4.4 ± 0.3) |
| Eggs | 21.4 ± 1.4 NS (3.3 ± 0.2 ***) |
18.1 ± 1.5 (5.7 ± 0.4) |
19.8 ± 1.0 (4.4 ± 0.2) |
22.9 ± 2.3 NS (3.6 ± 0.4 **) |
17.2 ± 2.2 (5.0 ± 0.3) |
20.5 ± 1.5 (4.3 ± 0.3) |
| Fish/shellfish | 55.0 ± 3.2 ** (8.4 ± 0.5 **) |
38.9 ± 3.3 (10.9 ± 0.7) |
47.3 ± 2.3 (9.6 ± 0.4) |
49.8 ± 3.6 NS (8.1 ± 0.5 ***) |
46.5 ± 3.4 (11.8 ± 0.8) |
46.9 ± 2.4 (10.0 ± 0.5) |
| Seaweed | 13.3 ± 1.0 *** (2.1 ± 0.2 NS) |
5.7 ± 1.1 (1.7 ± 0.0) |
9.66 ± 0.76 (1.9 ± 0.2) |
11.2 ± 0.9 *** (1.9 ± 0.2 NS) |
6.1 ± 0.9 (1.5 ± 0.2) |
9.0 ± 0.6 (1.7 ± 0.1) |
| Milk/dairy products | 344.0 ± 12.8 *** (50.4 ± 1.2 ***) |
132.0 ± 13.4 (24.4 ± 1.6) |
242.6 ± 11.7 (38.0 ± 1.2) |
314.9 ± 11.4 *** (50.0±1.2 ***) |
144.5 ± 11.0 (29.7 ± 1.4) |
238.7 ± 9.3 (39.5 ± 1.1) |
| Fat/oils | 0.0 ± 0.0 *** (0.0 ± 0.0***) |
0.1 ± 0.0 (0.0 ± 0.0) |
0.1 ± 0.0 (0.0 ± 0.0) |
0.0 ± 0.0 * (0.0 ± 0.0 ***) |
0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0 ± 0.0) |
0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0 ± 0.0) |
| Beverage | 0.9 ± 0.2 NS (0.2 ± 0.0 NS) |
0.5 ± 0.2 (0.1 ±0.0) |
0.7 ± 0.1 (0.1 ± 0.0) |
0.9 ± 0.2 * (0.1 ± 0.0 NS) |
0.4 ± 0.2 (0.1 ± 0.0) |
0.7 ± 0.1 (0.1 ± 0.0) |
| Seasoning/spice | 16.6 ± 1.5 NS (2.5 ± 0.2 ***) |
16.9 ± 1.5 (5.0 ± 0.4) |
16.7 ± 1.0 (3.7 ± 0.2) |
22.1 ± 1.4 * (3.7 ± 0.3 *) |
17.3 ± 1.4 (4.6 ± 0.3) |
19.6 ± 1.0 (4.2 ± 0.2) |
| Others | 0.3 ± 0.1 *** (0.1 ± 0.0 NS) |
0.0 ± 0.1 (0.0 ± 0.0) |
0.2 ± 0.1 (0.0 ± 0.0) |
0.2 ± 0.1 NS (0.0 ± 0.0 NS) |
0.2 ± 0.1 (0.1 ± 0.0) |
0.2 ± 0.0 (0.0 ± 0.0) |
| Source of calcium | ||||||
| Plant foods | 213.4 ± 6.0 *** | 176.3 ± 6.3 | 195.7 ± 4.3 | 216.5 ± 6.2 *** | 178.0 ± 6.0 | 200.3 ± 4.3 |
| (33.1 ± 0.9 ***) | (51.7 ± 1.4) | (42.0 ± 1.0) | (35.1 ± 0.9 ***) | (47.9 ± 1.0) | (41.7 ± 0.8) | |
| Animal foods | 451.1 ± 13.7 *** (66.9 ± 0.9 ***) |
216.2. ± 14.4 (48.3 ± 1.4) |
338.8 ± 12.6 (58.0 ± 1.0) |
406.1 ± 11.9 *** (64.9 ± 0.9 ***) |
230.8 ± 11.4 (52.1 ± 1.0) |
327.1 ± 9.7 (58.2 ± 0.8) |
1 Mean ± Standard error of mean after adjusting for age and height. 2 *p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001. NS: not significant difference (α = 0.05) 3 Mean ± Standard error of mean.