Sambucus Nigra Lectin (SNA) and Maackia amurensis lectin II (MALII) lectin binding in UWS from older and younger adults. (A) Mean (+/−SEM) SNA and MAL II lectin, respectively, binding in UWS from older (n = 22) and younger subjects (n = 30). Mean (+/−SEM) amylase in UWS, used as loading control. (B) Mean (+/−SEM) total sialic acid levels in UWS from older and younger subjects. Calculated as total band intensity of SNA + total band intensity of MAL II. (C) Ratio of SNA lectin to total MUC5b (determined by immuno-blot) in UWS of older and younger subjects. (D) Ratio of MALii lectin to total MUC7 (determined by immuno-blot) in UWS of older and younger subjects. Difference in means between groups tested for statistical significance using student’s t test. p = < 0.05 * p = < 0.01 ** p = < 0.001 ***. (E) Representative image of lectin Western blots. Detection of sialic acids in UWS of younger (18–30) and older (60+) adults. SNA > 250 kDa, MALII 155 kDa, Amylase 55 kDa.