Table 2.
Prospective studies reporting on the association of circulating 25(OH)D serum concentration with total cancer mortality b.
| First Author | Publication Year and Region | Mean Age (Gender) | Subjects (Cases) | Follow-Up Period | Exposure Measure | Outcome Ascertainment | Covariates Adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee [46], EMAS |
2013, Europe |
60 (M) |
2816 (28) |
4.3 y | radioimmunoassay | Obtained from death certificates, death registers and medical/hospital records. | age, center, smoking status, alcohol consumption, self-reported morbidities, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly score, Reuben’s Physical Performance Test rating and serum creatinine |
| Lin [47], GPTL |
2012, China |
56.5 (Both) |
110 (217) |
24 y | enzyme immunoassay | Obtained from records of the village doctors, evaluated and verified by a panel of Chinese experts | age and sex, with additional adjustment by separate continuous age variables for each stratum as well as sex, hypertension, tobacco smoking, BMI, and alcohol consumption. |
| Wong [48], CAIFOS |
2015, US |
75.1 (F) |
1188 (84) |
10 y | liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry | Obtained from the hospital death certificates and previous medical history, and the coded discharge diagnosis data | age, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressures, previous and current smoker, BMI, daily alcohol use, co-morbidities, season at recruitment, treatment allocation, laboratory measurements |
| Weinstein [34], ATBC |
2018, Finland |
59.5 (M) |
4616 (2884) |
28 y | competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay/radioimmunoassay/liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry | obtained from Finnish Cancer Registry | BMI, number of cigarettes smoked per day, years of smoking, physical activity, serum cholesterol, history of diabetes, family history of cancer, systolic blood pressure, trial intervention group, and calendar year of diagnosis |
| Cawthon [49], MrOS |
2010 USA |
73.7 (M) |
1490 (97) |
7.3 y | chemiluminescence immunoassay | obtained from six U.S. clinical centers through death certificates and discharge summaries | age, clinic, season of blood collection, serum calcium and phosphate, GFR, percentage body fat, weight, race, health status, presence of at least one medical condition, alcohol use, education, activity level, marital status, and presence of a functional or mobility limitation |
| Hutchinson [42], TS |
2010 Norway |
Nonsmoker 61 Smoker 57.2 (Both) |
7161 (498) |
13 y | mass spectrometry | obtained from Norway Cancer Registry | age, gender, season, BMI, physical activity score, diabetes, hypertension, serum creatinine, prior cardiovascular disease and prior cancer |
| Freedman [51], NHANES III |
2010 USA |
44 (Both) |
16,819 (884) |
12.5 y | electrochemiluminescence immunoassay | obtained from National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | age, race/ ethnicity, smoking history, and BMI. |
| Pilz [52], LURIC |
2008 Germany |
62.7 (Both) |
3257 (95) |
7.75 y | radioimmunoassay | obtained from local person registries | age, gender, season, BMI, active smokers, retinol, exercise tertiles, beer and wine consumption, and diabetes mellitus. |
| Eaton [53], WHI |
2011 USA |
65.8 (F) |
2429 (62) |
8 y | high-performance liquid chromatography | obtained from the Women’s Health Initiative | age, season, ethnicity, CaD trial indicator, education, smoking status, current aspirin use, history of fracture, waist circumference, BMI, physical activity, and use of vitamin D supplements. |
| Skaaby [54], Monica10 and Inter99. |
2012 Denmark |
49.8 (Both) |
9146 (301) |
10 y | chemiluminescence immunoassay | obtained from Danish Registry of Causes of Death | study group (no intervention (participants from Monica10), lifestyle counseling (group B from Inter99), lifestyle and group counseling (group A from Inter99)), gender, education, season of blood sample, intake of fish, physical activity, smoking, BMI and alcohol consumption. |
| Schöttker [55], ESTHER |
2013 Germany |
62 (Both) |
9578 (433) |
9.5 y | competitive protein-binding assay | identified by inquiry at the residents’ registration offices | age, sex, season of blood draw, regularly intake of multi-vitamin supplements, fish consumption, BMI, scholarly education, physical activity, smoking, systolic blood pressure, chronic kidney disease, serum CRP concentrations and total cholesterol |
| Signorello [56], SCCS |
2012 USA |
59.5 (Both) |
3704 (954) |
7 y | chemiluminescence immunoassay | identified by Social Security Administration’s Death Master File and the National Death Index | gender, race, age, community health center enrollment site, date of blood collection, BMI, smoking, physical activity, and household income. |
| Khaw [57], - |
2014 UK |
62 (Both) |
14,641 (1086) |
13 y | mass spectrometry | obtained fromNational Cancer Registry for incident Cancer | age, sex, month, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, vitamin C, diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease, history of cancer, social class, and education |
| Kritchevsky [58], Health ABC |
2012 US |
74.7 (Both) |
2638 (218) |
8.5 y | immunoassay | identified by medical records, death certificates, proxy information, and autopsy reports | age, gender, race, education, season, field center, smoking status, pack years, alcohol consumption, body mass index, time walking, usual 20m walking speed, estimated glomerular filtration rate, cognition, depressive symptoms, IL-6, cholesterol, and prevalent diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer, or lung disease. |
| Rohrmann [59], Swiss MONICA |
2012 | 47.1 (Both) |
3198 (188) |
18 y | protein-bound assay | obtained from Swiss National Cohort | age, sex, sunlight exposure, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, nationality |
| Michaelsso [44], ULSAM |
2010 Sweden |
71 (M) |
1194 (164) |
12.7 y | high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry | obtained from Swedish National Cancer Registry and Cause of Death Registry | age, weight, height, calcium intake, season of blood draw, social class, smoking status, leisure physical activity, self-perceived health, diabetes mellitus, other endocrine disease, hematologic diseases, dermatoses, infectious disease, musculoskeletal disease, psychiatric disease, respiratory disease, kidney or urinary disease, gastrointestinal disease, supplemental vitamin D use, total vitamin D intake, fish intake, plasma parathyroid hormone, plasma cystatin C, plasma C-reactive protein, serum calcium, serum phosphate, plasma troponin I, plasma N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide, plasma cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, plasma HDL cholesterol, plasma retinol, plasma insulin, total energy intake, and alcohol intake and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, lipid-lowering treatment, and antihypertensive treatment. |
b There were 16 prospective cohort studies comprising 8729 cancer mortality cases among 10,794 participants in relation to 25-hydroxyvitamin D. EMAS: the European Male Ageing Study; GPTL: the General Population Trial of Linxian; CAIFOS: Calcuim Intake Fracture Outcome Study; ATBC: The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study; MrOS: Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; TS: Tromsø Study; NHANES III: Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey; LURIC: The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health study; WHI: the Women’s Health Initiative; ESTHER: Epidemiological investigations of the chances of preventing, recognizing early and optimally treating chronic diseases in an elderly population; SCCS: The Southern Community Cohort Study; Health ABC: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study ; ULSAM: The Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men; CaD: calcium and vitamin D; IL-6: interleukin-6.