Table 2.

Food composition ¹ of pre-trial ², control ³, and functional foods ⁴.

Food/Nutrient	Pre-Trial Food	Control Food	Functional Food 1	Functional Food 2
Added fish oil, %	0	0.1	0.5	0.5
Fruit and vegetables, %	0	0	1.9	4.0
Pea protein, %	0	0	19.7	43.6
Wet meat chicken, %	0	0	16.0	15.5
Chicken meal, %	28.0	19.4	0	0
Corn gluten meal, %	15.7	19.2	16.0	0
Moisture	6.50	6.77	6.78	6.34
Protein	33.43	32.58	30.24	31.77
Fat	21.12	20.84	16.17	15.25
Atwater Energy, 5 kcal/kg	4092	4019	3810	3746
Ash	4.94	5.16	5.57	6.21
Crude fiber	1.8	3.0	1.9	2.2
Calcium	0.78	0.85	0.80	0.78
Phosphorus	0.84	0.74	0.76	0.83
Sodium	0.46	0.30	0.36	0.36
Total tocopherols, IU/kg	49	1059	1137	1268
Vitamin C, mg/kg	97	192	231	231
Palmitic acid [16:0]	4.27	4.11	2.97	3.06
Stearic acid [18:0]	2.01	1.90	0.69	0.72
linoleic acid (LA) [18:2 (n − 6)]	3.70	3.72	3.55	3.49
alpha linolenic acid (αLA) [18:3 (n − 3)]	0.18	0.20	0.28	0.33
arachidonic acid (ARA) [20:4 (n − 6)]	0.12	0.12	0.04	0.04
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) [20:5 (n − 3)]	0.01	0.03	0.09	0.10
docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) [22:5 (n − 3)]	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.02
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [22:6 (n − 3)]	0.01	0.02	0.06	0.06
saturated fatty acids (SFA) 6	6.69	6.42	3.90	4.02
monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) 7	8.01	7.71	5.69	5.60
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 8	4.22	4.07	4.12	4.03
(n − 6) fatty acids (FA 9)	4.03	3.80	3.67	3.61
(n − 3) fatty acids (FA) 10	0.19	0.27	0.45	0.42
(n − 6):(n − 3) ratio	21.2	14.1	8.2	8.6

¹ All analytical values are expressed as percentage of food, as fed, unless otherwise indicated. ² Pre-trial food was prepared by Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc. Ingredient label in order of preponderance is as follows: poultry by-product meal, corn, corn starch, corn gluten meal, pork fat, cellulose, palatability enhancer, taurine, vitamins, and minerals. Food contained no added functional ingredients such as carnitine, fish oil, fruit and vegetables, pea protein, or wet meat chicken. ³ Control food was prepared by Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc. and was similar to the pre-trial food in protein and fat content, but had added fiber, fish oil, α-tocopheryl acetate, and ascorbyl monophosphate. Ingredient label in order of preponderance is as follows: poultry by-product meal, corn gluten meal, rice, pork fat, corn, soybean mill run, lysine, lactic acid, taurine, carnitine, fish oil, vitamins, and minerals. ⁴ The two functional foods differed from control food in degree of supplementation with functional lipids, presence of botanicals (fruit and vegetables), and pea and chicken protein concentrations. Ingredient label in order of preponderance for functional food 1 is as follows: rice, pea protein concentrate, chicken, corn gluten meal, oats, lactic acid, beet pulp, tomato pomace, methionine, broccoli, fish oil, taurine, carnitine, cysteine, vitamins, and minerals. Ingredient label in order of preponderance for functional food 2 is as follows: pea protein concentrate, chicken, rice, oats, beet pulp, lactic acid, broccoli, tomato pomace, methionine, fish oil, taurine, carnitine, cysteine, vitamins, and minerals. ⁵ Energy calculated using the modified Atwater factors as described [13]. ⁶ Sum of the saturated fatty acids (SFA): 8:0 + 10:0 + 11:0 + 12:0 + 14:0 + 15:0 + 16:0 + 17:0 + 18:0 + 20:0 + 22:0 + 24:0. ⁷ Sum of the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA): 14:1 + 15:1 + 16:1 + 17:1 + 18:1 + 20:1 + 22:1 + 24:1. ⁸ Sum of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): 18:2(n − 6) + 18:3(n − 6) + 18:3(n − 3) + 18:4(n − 3) + 20:2(n − 6) + 20:3(n − 6) + 20:3(n − 3) + 20:4(n − 6) + 20:4(n − 3) + 20:5(n − 3) + 21:5(n − 3) + 22:2(n − 6) + 22:4(n − 6) + 22:5(n − 6) + 22:5(n − 3) + 22:6(n − 3). ⁹ Sum of the (n − 6) fatty acid (FA) listed above. ¹⁰ Sum of the (n − 3) FA listed above.