. 2019 Oct 18;11(10):2520. doi: 10.3390/nu11102520

Table 5.

Nudging and choice architecture types and effectiveness examined in the included studies.

Intervention Class.	Intervention Type	Lowe et al. 2010 [36]		Nikolaou et al. 2014 [37]	Olstad et al. 2014 [38]			Seward et al. 2016 [39]	Thorndike et al. 2014 [40]		Thorndike et al. 2012 [41]
Intervention Class.	Intervention Type	A	B	Nikolaou et al. 2014 [37]	A	B	C	Seward et al. 2016 [39]	A	B	A	B
Primarily alter properties of objects or stimuli	Ambience
	Functional design
	Labeling	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
	Presentation						X			X		X
	Sizing
	Pricing		X				X
Primarily alter placement of objects or stimuli	Availability	X	X					X
Primarily alter placement of objects or stimuli	Proximity									X		X
Alter both properties and placement objects and stimuli	Priming					X	X
Alter both properties and placement objects and stimuli	Prompting
Effect	On food choice	Y	Y		N	N	N	N	Y	Y	Y	Y
	On dietary consumption Short-term
	On dietary consumption Long-term			Y

A, B, and C refer to different conditions in the same study. Effect: Short-term <6 months, and long-term ≥6 months. X: Nudging and choice architecture types. Y: Yes, N: NO.