Table 7.

Imaging and coagulation studies.

Fucoidan Source	Aim of Study	Type of Study	Outcome	Reference
Radiolabelled fucoidan source unspecified	Safety	Human clinical	Safe to use. Maximum activity in liver. Activity reduced to <5% after 24 h.	[6]
Undaria pinnatifida Fucus evanescens Saccharina cichorioides Costaria costata Fucus vesiculosus Eisenia bicyclis	Thrombolytic activity of fucoidan	In vivo mouse thrombosis model, iv	Fucoidans inhibit the tPA-PAI1 complex, indicating activation of plasma tissue-type plasminogen activator is a mechanism of fucoidan-mediated thrombolysis in a mouse thrombosis model	[89]
Unspecified	Thrombolytic therapy based on fucoidan nanoparticles with rtPA	In vivo mouse model with induced clotting, iv	Successful thrombolysis	[88]
Laminaria japonica	Anti-thrombotic	In vivo mouse model. Oral delivery	Lower MW fucoidan was most effective	[28]
Fucus vesiculosus and 18 gradually depolymerised fractions	Degraded fucoidan fractions	In vitro	Anti-inflammatory activity, however only negligible anticoagulant activity and FXII-activating potency	[91]
Fucus vesiculosus Macrocystis pyrifera Undaria pinnatifida	Intravenous fucoidan administration prior to SPIONs	In vivo mouse model In vitro	Increased residence time of circulating SPIONs for imaging by blocking their uptake by reticuloendothelial uptake	[90]