Table 4.
Dietary intake according to tertile category of the HEI-2015 total score estimated from a 16-day weighed dietary record in Japanese women and men a.
| Women | Men | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 40) | T2 (n = 41) | T3 (n =40) | p for trend b | T1 (n = 40) | T2 (n = 41) | T3 (n = 40) | p for trend b | |
| HEI-2015 total score c | 48.7 ± 3.7 | 55.9 ± 1.5 | 61.6 ± 3.1 | 48.6 ± 1.9 | 53.7 ± 1.3 | 60.5 ± 3.5 | ||
| HEI-2015 total score (median) | 49.6 | 55.9 | 60.3 | 49.1 | 53.8 | 59.7 | ||
| HEI-2015 score components | ||||||||
| Total fruits (cup Eq/4184 kJ) | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 |
| Whole fruits (cup Eq/4184 kJ) | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 |
| Total vegetables (cup Eq/4184 kJ) | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 |
| Greens and beans (cup Eq/4184 kJ) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Whole grains (ounce Eq/4184 kJ) | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.0001 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.003 |
| Dairy (cup Eq/4184 kJ) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.0003 |
| Total protein foods (ounce Eq/4184 kJ) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 0.006 |
| Seafood and plant proteins (cup Eq/4184 kJ) | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 |
| Fatty acids d | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 0.0003 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 0.33 |
| Refined grains (ounce Eq/4184 kJ) | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | <0.0001 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 0.0004 |
| Sodium (mg/4184 kJ) | 2177 ± 361 | 2196 ± 361 | 2289 ± 383 | 0.18 | 2046 ± 312 | 2061 ± 308 | 2105 ± 378 | 0.43 |
| Added sugars (% of energy) | 6.8 ± 3.1 | 6.0 ± 2.2 | 6.3 ± 2.5 | 0.45 | 5.8 ± 3.4 | 4.4 ± 2.0 | 5.1 ± 1.9 | 0.21 |
| Saturated fats (% of energy) | 9.2 ± 1.4 | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 1.3 | <0.0001 | 7.7 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 0.01 |
| Selected nutrients | ||||||||
| Protein (% of energy) | 14.2 ± 1.3 | 15.1 ± 1.5 | 15.9 ± 1.7 | <0.0001 | 13.7 ± 1.3 | 14.1 ± 1.5 | 15.2 ± 1.8 | <0.0001 |
| Fat (% of energy) | 30.0 ± 3.6 | 27.3 ± 3.4 | 27.0 ± 3.3 | 0.0002 | 26.9 ± 3.9 | 25.1 ± 3.6 | 25.0 ± 3.8 | 0.03 |
| MUFA (% of energy) | 11.1 ± 1.8 | 9.9 ± 1.6 | 9.6 ± 1.5 | 0.0001 | 10.2 ± 1.8 | 9.3 ± 1.6 | 9.1 ± 1.8 | 0.003 |
| PUFA (% of energy) | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 6.3 ± 0.8 | 0.54 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 0.99 |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 52.8 ± 4.3 | 55.5 ± 3.7 | 55.4 ± 4.9 | 0.009 | 52.9 ± 5.6 | 52.0 ± 6.1 | 53.9 ± 6.2 | 0.45 |
| Alcohol (% of energy) | 1.8 ± 2.8 | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 1.3 ± 2.3 | 0.38 | 4.7 ± 4.1 | 7.3 ± 6.8 | 5.0 ± 5.8 | 0.83 |
| Dietary fibre (g/4184 kJ) | 6.4 ± 1.5 | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 9.6 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 6.2 ± 1.2 | 8.4 ± 1.4 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE/4184 kJ) | 305 ± 201 | 362 ± 236 | 407 ± 178 | 0.03 | 284 ± 218 | 295 ± 154 | 383 ± 284 | 0.0501 |
| Vitamin D (μg/4184 kJ) | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 2.1 | 4.8 ± 1.6 | 0.0005 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | 4.2 ± 1.8 | 4.9 ± 1.7 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin E (mg/4184 kJ) | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin K (μg/4184 kJ) | 94 ± 28 | 133 ± 37 | 163 ± 50 | <0.0001 | 81 ± 21 | 102 ± 31 | 135 ± 32 | <0.0001 |
| Thiamine (mg/4184 kJ) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.0001 |
| Riboflavin (mg/4184 kJ) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Niacin (mg/4184 kJ) | 8.8 ± 1.2 | 9.1 ± 1.6 | 10.2 ±2.4 | 0.0004 | 9.0 ± 1.6 | 9.4 ± 1.7 | 9.8 ± 2.2 | 0.04 |
| Vitamin B-6 (mg/4184 kJ) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B-12 (μg/4184 kJ) | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 1.7 | 4.6 ± 1.5 | 0.004 | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 4.7 ± 1.7 | 0.002 |
| Folate (μg/4184 kJ) | 156 ± 41 | 198 ± 41 | 230 ± 41 | <0.0001 | 141 ± 32 | 167 ± 44 | 205 ± 43 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/4184 kJ) | 44.5 ± 16.3 | 65.4 ± 19.4 | 76.5 ± 15.2 | <0.0001 | 36.8 ± 9.6 | 47.5 ± 12.2 | 70.1 ± 18.3 | <0.0001 |
| Potassium (mg/4184 kJ) | 1242 ± 211 | 1445 ± 196 | 1695 ± 236 | <0.0001 | 1099 ± 138 | 1209 ± 176 | 1502 ± 218 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mg/4184 kJ) | 268 ± 62 | 302 ± 64 | 348 ± 75 | <0.0001 | 213 ± 55 | 229 ± 53 | 305 ± 72 | <0.0001 |
| Magnesium (mg/4184 kJ) | 135 ± 25 | 158 ± 22 | 181 ± 25 | <0.0001 | 125 ± 18 | 138 ± 20 | 165 ± 24 | <0.0001 |
| Iron (mg/4184 kJ) | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | <0.0001 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | <0.0001 |
| Zinc (mg/4184 kJ) | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 0.0006 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 0.01 |
| Energy (kJ/d) | 7479 ± 1441 | 7890 ± 1081 | 7718 ± 1044 | 0.38 | 9896 ± 1805 | 9988 ± 1518 | 9775 ± 1951 | 0.76 |
Eq, equivalents; HEI-2015, Healthy Eating Index-2015; RAE, retinol activity equivalent; T, tertile. a In each season, a 4-day weighed dietary record was conducted: November and December 2002 (autumn), February 2003 (winter), May 2003 (spring) and August and September 2003 (summer). For each individual, the mean value of the 16-day data was used. Values are means ± standard deviations unless otherwise indicated. b Calculated based on general linear models. c A higher score indicates a higher diet quality. d Ratio of the sum of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (in g) to saturated fatty acids (in g).