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. 2019 Oct 9;11(10):2409. doi: 10.3390/nu11102409

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of oral administration of L. fermentum PS150^TM on caffeine-induced sleep disturbance in mice. (a) Experimental design; mice were orally administrated PBS or 10⁹ CFU of PS150^TM for 28 consecutive days and subjected to an injection of PBS or caffeine (15 mg/kg), and a pentobarbital (50 mg/kg)-induced sleep test was performed to evaluate the sleep latency (n = 13~15) (b), sleep duration (n = 13~15) (c), and recovery time (n = 4~6) (d) of mice. DIPH (20 mg/kg) was introduced 30 min before the test. Veh refers to the vehicle control group. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. * p <0.05, compared with the indicated groups.