Table 2.
General characteristics of subjects according to Korean food (KF) consumption rate tertile groups 1.
| Variables | Men | p-Value 3 | Women | p-Value 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KF Consumption Rate Tertile 2 | KF Consumption Rate Tertile 2 | |||||||
| T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | |||
| N | 1976 | 2040 | 2009 | 2730 | 2909 | 2545 | ||
| KF consumption rate (%), mean (range) | 48.0 (0.0, 61.9) | 69.3 (62.5, 76.7) | 85.1 (76.9, 100.0) | 46.9 (0.0, 60.9) | 68.1 (61.1, 75.0) | 84.9 (75.8, 100.0) | ||
| Age (years), n (%) | ||||||||
| 19–29 | 450 (22.8) | 171 (8.4) | 101 (5.0) | <0.0001 | 535 (19.6) | 228 (7.8) | 89 (3.5) | <0.0001 |
| 30–49 | 844 (42.7) | 624 (30.6) | 410 (20.4) | 1275 (46.7) | 1044 (35.9) | 563 (22.1) | ||
| 50–64 | 378 (19.1) | 651 (31.9) | 705 (35.1) | 559 (20.5) | 918 (31.6) | 904 (35.5) | ||
| ≥65 | 304 (15.4) | 594 (29.1) | 793 (39.5) | 361 (13.2) | 719 (24.7) | 989 (38.9) | ||
| Household income, n (%) 4 | ||||||||
| Low | 270 (13.7) | 356 (17.5) | 469 (23.5) | <0.0001 | 391 (14.4) | 564 (19.5) | 693 (27.3) | <0.0001 |
| Middle-low | 473 (24.1) | 473 (23.2) | 541 (27.1) | 648 (23.8) | 717 (24.7) | 658 (25.9) | ||
| Middle-high | 584 (29.7) | 565 (27.8) | 475 (23.8) | 779 (28.6) | 801 (27.6) | 635 (25.0) | ||
| High | 640 (32.5) | 641 (31.5) | 510 (25.6) | 905 (33.2) | 816 (28.2) | 551 (21.7) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | ||||||||
| ≤Elementary school | 163 (8.6) | 332 (17.2) | 461 (24.8) | <0.0001 | 366 (14.0) | 683 (24.8) | 988 (41.1) | <0.0001 |
| Middle school | 111 (5.9) | 240 (12.5) | 264 (14.2) | 151 (5.8) | 318 (11.6) | 322 (13.4) | ||
| High school | 707 (37.5) | 623 (32.3) | 575 (30.9) | 853 (32.5) | 867 (31.5) | 639 (26.6) | ||
| ≥College | 905 (48.0) | 732 (38.0) | 559 (30.1) | 1251 (47.7) | 882 (32.1) | 454 (18.9) | ||
| Current smoking, yes, n (%) 5 | 706 (36.2) | 696 (34.7) | 563 (28.6) | 0.0013 | 144 (5.4) | 128 (4.5) | 86 (3.5) | 0.0295 |
| Regular alcohol consumption, yes, n (%) 6 | 1399 (71.7) | 1387 (69.1) | 1388 (70.4) | 0.5179 | 1280 (47.5) | 1191 (41.5) | 810 (32.5) | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity, yes, n (%) 7 | 958 (51.0) | 900 (46.7) | 837 (45.2) | 0.0048 | 1200 (45.8) | 1168 (42.5) | 924 (38.6) | <0.0001 |
| Obesity, yes, n (%) 8 | 815 (41.3) | 837 (41.1) | 782 (39.0) | 0.8242 | 763 (28.0) | 895 (30.8) | 905 (35.6) | <0.0001 |
| p for Trend 9 | p for Trend 9 | |||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SE 10 | 24.48 ± 0.09 | 24.69 ± 0.10 | 24.61 ± 0.10 | 0.2835 | 23.33 ± 0.08 | 23.34 ± 0.08 | 23.41 ± 0.10 | 0.5343 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L), mean ± SE 10 | 1.21 ± 0.05 | 1.32 ± 0.06 | 1.26 ± 0.06 | 0.4364 | 1.10 ± 0.04 | 1.05 ± 0.03 | 0.98 ± 0.03 | 0.0236 |
1 All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and considered strata, clusters, and weights. 2 The KF consumption rate was calculated as the proportion of KF among all food consumed by a subject in a single day and stratified into tertile groups. 3 p-values were obtained from Rao–Scott chi-square tests. 4 Household income was categorized according to quartiles: low (first quartile), middle-low (second quartile), middle-high (third quartile), and high (fourth quartile). 5 Current smoking was defined as having smoked ≥100 cigarettes over a lifetime and still smoking. 6 Regular alcohol consumption was defined as having drunk alcohol more than once a month over the past year. 7 Physical activity was defined as having performed vigorous-intensity activities for ≥1.25 h/week or intermediate-intensity activities for ≥2.5 h/week. 8 Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2. 9 P for trend values were obtained based on the median value for the KF consumption rate in each tertile group. 10 Data are presented in least square means ± standard error adjusted for age (continuous), household income, education level, current smoking, regular alcohol consumption, and physical activity.