Table 3.

Effect sizes and Means for Ethnic Differences in SAT-V, SAT-M, and Overall SAT scores as a Function of the Covariates.

Covariate(s)				Effect Sizes after the Removal of the Covariate(s)
				SAT-V	SAT-M	Overall SAT
No covariate(s)				.115**	.106**	.138**
Gender				.131**	.126**	.161*
Gender, parental education				.087**	.109***	.123**
Gender, test anxiety, performance-avoidance, and epistemic   belief of learning				.054***	.063**	.077**
Gender, performance-avoidance and epistemic belief of learning				.063**	.068**	.085**
Gender, performance-avoidance, epistemic belief of learning,   and parental education				.033***	.057***	.050***
(ii) Means, Adjusted Means, and Standard Deviations by Ethnic Group as a Function of Removal of Covariates
	European Americans			Hispanics
	SAT-V	SAT-M	Overall SAT	SAT-V	SAT-M	Overall SAT
No covariates removed	559(84.57)	556(77.96)	1114(143.23)	496(71.99)	498(72.89)	994(128.50)
Gender removed	560(79.76)	557(74.74)	1117(135.37)	493(79.92)	495(75.35)	988(135.67)
Gender, parental education removed	557(79.89)	556(76.31)	1113(137.18)	501(81.93)	496(78.15)	997(140.56)
Gender, performance-avoidance, epistemic belief of learning, and parental education removed	548(74.50)	551(75.81)	1099(130.10)	520(78.50)	509(79.92)	1030(137.14)

Note. Effect sizes are partial η².

^*indicates large effect,

^**indicates medium effect

^***indicates small effect.