Table 5.
Burden of headache, acute medication use and health-related quality of life by headache diagnosis (N = 2562)
| No headache (n = 824) | UdH (n = 884) | All migraine (n = 821) | All TTH (n = 731) | H15+ (n = 101) | Test statistic, p-valuef | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headache burden (reported at least once in previous 4 weeks) (% of participants) | ||||||
| Headache-attributed lost time: | ||||||
| Missed whole school day | – | 11.0%a | 20.5%b | 11.3%a | 31.3%c | Chi2 = 47.3, p < 0.001 |
| Left school early | – | 7.6%a | 15.2%b | 9.0%a | 24.2%c | Chi2 = 35.6, p < 0.001 |
| Missed other activities | – | 26.8%a | 57.3%b | 34.5%c | 60.2%b | Chi2 = 141.6, p < 0.001 |
| School performance (mean, SD)e | 2.1 (0.8)a, b | 2.1 (0.8)a | 2.3 (0.8)b | 2.2 (0.8)a, b | 2.3 (0.90)b | F = 6.7, p < 0.001 |
| Acute medication use in previous 4 weeks | ||||||
| Participants (%) | – | 28.5a | 58.7b | 43.9c | 67.3b | Chi2 = 128.9, p < 0.001 |
| Number of days (mean, SD) | – | 0.8 (2.5)a | 1.8 (2.6)b | 1.0 (1.7)a | 6.5 (7.6)c | F = 121.4, p < 0.001 |
| Health-related quality of life (HrQoL) | ||||||
| Overall HrQoL | 52.9 (10.8)a | 53.9 (9.5)a | 47.5 (11.2)b | 50.6 (10.4)c | 43.1 (11.9)d | F = 56.3, p < 0.001 |
| Self-perception | 51.0 (9.7)a | 50.9 (9.2)a | 46.4 (10.0)b | 48.2 (9.9)b | 42.9 (10.8)c | F = 42.3, p < 0.001 |
| Parent-relation and home life | 53.9 (9.2)a | 53.6 (8.7)a | 50.3 (11.1)b | 51.9 (9.7)a, b | 44.8 (13.9)c | F = 31.6, p < 0.001 |
| Social support and peers | 52.6 (9.4)a | 53.1 (8.7)a | 51.6 (9.8)a | 52.1 (8.8)a | 49.6 (13.2)b | F = 4.8, p = 0.001 |
| School environment | 52.7 (10.5)a, c | 53.4 (8.8)a | 48.4 (10.1)b | 50.9 (9.3)c | 45.6 (12.6)d | F = 39.5, p < 0.001 |
| Bullying | 50.7 (10.6)a | 51.9 (8.9)a | 50.4 (10.2)a | 50.7 (9.7)a | 47.3 (14.3)b | F = 6.4, p < 0.001 |
UdH Undifferentiated headache, TTH Tension-type headache, H15+ Headache on ≥15 days/month. a,b,c,dThese superscript notations indicate groups differing significantly on Tukey post-hoc analyses. eOn scale 1–4 where 1 = very good, 4 = below average (see text). fBonferroni corrections applied to significance values to adjust for multiple comparisons of headache burden measures (p = 0.013) and of HrQoL measures (p = 0.008)