Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for occupational injuries among frontline building construction workers in Ghana, 2016/17
| Variables | Univariate model | Multivariate model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude odd ratio (OR; 95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted odd ratio (aOR; 95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age group | ||||
| 15–24 years (ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| 25–34 years | 0.77 (0.51, 1.16) | 0.21 | 0.41 (0.20, 0.80) | 0.009 |
| 35–44 years | 1.04 (0.64, 1.69) | 0.88 | 0.53 (0.19, 1.44) | 0.21 |
| 45+ year | 2.48 (1.20, 5.13) | 0.01 | 0.78 (0.23, 2.63) | 0.68 |
| Sex of worker | ||||
| Female (ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Male | 5.51 (2.90, 10.45) | 0.001 | 6.07 (2.41, 15.29) | 0.001 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single (ref) | 1.00 | – | – | – |
| Married | 1.25 (0.91, 1.73) | 0.18 | – | – |
| Educational level | ||||
| No formal education ref | 1.00 | – | – | – |
| Basic education | 0.65 (0.42, 0.99) | 0.04 | – | – |
| High school | 0.61 (0.36, 1.03) | 0.06 | – | – |
| Tertiary | 0.75 (0.27, 2.14) | 0.60 | – | – |
| Working experience (years) | ||||
| 1–4 years | 0.23 (0.09, 0.56) | 0.001 | – | – |
| 5–9 years | 0.41 (0.16, 1.07) | 0.068 | – | – |
| 10–20 years | 0.34 (0.13, 0.87) | 0.02 | – | – |
| 21+ (Ref) | 1.00 | – | – | – |
| Income | ||||
| 360–499 [84.2–116.7] (ref) | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| 500–999 [116.9–233.6] | 1.28 (0.50, 3.24) | 0.610 | 1.37 (0.38, 4.92) | 0.62 |
| 1000–1499 [233.8–350.5] | 3.79 (1.45, 9.92) | 0.007 | 3.52 (0.98, 12.64) | 0.05 |
| 1500 + [350.8] | 30.25 (3.35, 273) | 0.002 | 22.63 (1.60, 320.51) | 0.02 |
| Work structure | ||||
| Daily paid worker (by day work) (Ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Temporal contract workers | 1.24 (0.87, 1.76) | 0.231 | 2.03 (1.25, 3.31) | 0.004 |
| Permanent worker | 4.60 (2.68, 7.89) | 0.001 | 3.97 (1.93, 8.17) | 0.001 |
| Trade specialization | ||||
| Mason (ref) | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Labourer | 1.85 (1.27, 2.69) | 0.001 | 0.77 (0.37, 1.57) | 0.46 |
| Carpenter | 0.46 (0.24, 0.89) | 0.02 | 1.09 (0.40, 3.00) | 0.85 |
| Steel bender | 1.33 (0.61, 2.89) | 0.47 | 0.22 (0.07, 0.64) | 0.01 |
| Working hours | ||||
| 4–6 h | 0.12 (0.05, 0.25) | 0.001 | 0.05 (0.02, 0.15) | 0.001 |
| 7–9 h | 0.23 (0.09, 0.63) | 0.004 | 0.16 (0.04, 0.36) | 0.009 |
| 10+ h (ref) | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Safety instruction | ||||
| No | 1.27 (0.82, 1.99) | 0.27 | – | – |
| Yes (ref) | 1 | – | – | – |
| Currently smoking | ||||
| Never smoked (ref) | 1.00 | – | – | – |
| Currently smokes | 2.41 (0.78, 7.49) | 0.13 | – | – |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Do not consume (ref) | 1.00 | – | – | – |
| Consume | 1.69 (1.13, 2.55) | 0.010 | – | – |
| Job/task location | ||||
| Rooftop | 1 | – | – | |
| Lower floor/ground | 0.22 (0.09, 0.48) | 0.001 | 0.61 (0.16, 2.31) | 0.46 |
| Height from ground | 0.19 (0.08, 0.45) | 0.001 | 0.82 (0.21, 3.26) | 0.78 |
| All location | 0.18 (0.80, 0.38) | 0.001 | 0.29 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.05 |
| Daily production target | ||||
| No | 1 | – | – | – |
| Yes | 0.75 (0.53, 1.05) | 0.100 | – | – |
| Monthly off days | ||||
| No | 1 | – | – | – |
| Yes | 0.20 (0.11, 0.38) | 0.001 | 0.96 (0.04, 0.24) | 0.001 |
| Monthly working days | ||||
| 20 days | 1 | – | – | – |
| 24 days | 0.86 (0.54, 1.34) | 0.496 | – | – |
| 26 days | 0.48 (0.15, 1.49) | 0.203 | – | – |
| 30 days | 2.55 (0.51, 12.68) | 0.252 | – | – |
Significant values are in italics