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. 2019 Oct 31;10:1213. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01213

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Copyright © 2019 Tayade, Kulkarni, Jo, Song and Lee

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Starch metabolism in heterotrophic tissue, highlighted in the orange circle; ADP-Glucose (ADP-Glc) enters the plastid by the specific translocator, that is, a phosphate transporter and the ATP/ADP transporter. Subsequently, adenosine 5′-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) enzyme induces the regulating reaction in amyloplasts by converting Glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) and ATP to ADP-Glc and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Systematic interaction of multienzymes gradually leads to synthesized starch. The major metabolites and enzymes involved in the process: 1, glucose 6-phosphate transporter; 2, amyloplast adenylate transporter; 3, plastidial phosphoglucomutase; 4, ADP–glucose pyrophosphorylase; 5, starch synthases (SS); 6, starch branching enzymes (SBE); 7, inorganic pyrophosphatase. Sucrose synthases (SuSy), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), Fructose (Fru), Fructose-6-phosphate (Fru-6-P). Modified from Bahaji et al. (2014).